Applied Physics: Coanda Effect

Some things just seem intuitively "impossible." Consider a surfer on a longboard, standing on the nose of the board. To be clear, stand there when the board is not moving and you will fall off. After you fall, the board will shoot up in the air tail first. 

Try this on a slow, small, mushy wave and the board's nose will dive into the water--it will "pearl"--and your ride will end, immediately. 

On a wave moving fast enough, you can ride this way, even if it seems to somehow defy the laws of physics. It is possible because of the Coanda Effect. It is related to the way an airplane's wing provides lift. 

source: Science Direct

Mobile and Internet Access Prices Have Declined in U.S. Since 1997

Many complaints about “high prices” are justified. Most complaints about the cost of mobile or some  fixed network services most often are not justified--costs for linear video subscriptions being the obvious exception to the rule. 

“At a time when seemingly every other industry in America is raising prices, the wireless industry continues to be mired in an interminable ARPU slump,” says Craig Moffett, co-founder of MoffettNathanson.

Here in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics trend on mobile service pricing since 2011. Note that all these prices are below the basis level of 100 in 1997. In other words, since 1997, the cost of mobile service has dropped more than 50 percent . 

source: BLS

Prices for other consumer services such as internet access also have apparently fallen, even if some reports suggest otherwise. 

Looking at internet access, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis shows a clear decline in costs for internet access between 1988 and 2018, for example. 

source: Bureau of Economic Analysis 

The latest (January 2022) data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for internet access services shows more than a 60-percent decline in prices since 2004. 

source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Data from the U.S. Federal Reserve likewise finds falling prices since 1988. Using a hedonic approach that incorporates improvements in quality, a study prepared for the U.S. Federal Reserve shows a big fall in real prices when “quality of product” changes (including speed) are included in the analysis. 

In other words, even if posted prices seem to be about the same, value is quite a bit higher. In other words, since 1987, value has increased about 20 percent a year while real prices have declined about 20 percent a year. 

source: Federal Reserve 

source: Federal Reserve 

Other analyses also published by the BLS seem to indicate that internet access prices have climbed since 2018. That requires interpretation. 

Here is 2022 BLS data on internet access services and electronic information providers (internet access and other digital services). Prices have climbed since 2018, but are down from the 1997 base level of 100. In other words, prices are about 83 percent of 1997 levels. Some of the increase, we might suggest, is a shift of spending by consumers from lower-priced to higher-priced services.

However, this overstates price changes for consumer internet access, as many other services are included in the analysis that are not “internet access.”

 

source: BLS

This  BLS analysis includes--in addition to residential internet access--web hosting, domain names, and file hosting for non-business use. 

This category also includes residential, including landline, telephone and TV services bundled with residential internet service, including mobile internet access. Other monthly subscriber fees are included as well, including  internet rental equipment, internet service fees, installation and activation fees, and other associated taxes and fees.

This category does not include any other bundled services such as home monitoring services and wireless telephone service. Fees for online activities such as music or video downloads, streaming media (both music and video), fees for online gaming, and subscriptions to online newspapers or magazines are all excluded.

 Fees to access additional information or services provided by particular websites, such as those offered by popular sporting websites are also excluded. Pre-recorded video on demand subscription streaming services are excluded.

Still, even using this definition, inflation-adjusted prices are 20 percent lower than in 1997. 

The other caveat is that this data does not clearly separate internet access from price trends for the other information services. Some of us would bet that higher prices for information services are principally driving the price increases since 2018. 

Landline voice services and linear video services, on the other hand, have risen in price since 1997. Cable TV services are about 550 percent higher than 1997 prices. Voice services are close to 140 percent higher than in 1997.   

The bottom line is that prices for mobile service and internet access in the U.S. market have declined since about 1997. They have declined much more if hedonic quality changes are considered.

Dense Fiber Networks Will be Necessary for All Mobile Platforms After 5G

Dense fiber networks are key for telco home broadband, 5G small cell networks and internet access for enterprises and small business. They might become important to support private networks and edge computing as well. 

Dense fiber networks also are virtually a necessity for all future generations of mobile networks beyond 5G. 

The reason is the use of ultra-high frequencies and the corresponding need for small cell networks. Coverage requirements--even coverage spectrum in the low-band and mid-bands--also will likely rely on denser networks as well.

Though new spectrum is among the tools mobile operators use to increase capacity, the biggest boosts have come from shrinking cell sizes. Eventually, as mobile operators try to keep pace with data demand using their “coverage” spectrum (low-band and mid-band), it will make sense to shrink cell sizes even of the coverage network spectrum. 

All that means dense fiber access and distribution networks will assume a permanent place in mobile network design. 

Given a choice, executives in the mobile business would prefer to use lower-frequency spectrum than high-frequency assets. Lower frequencies propagate better, so are easier to manage when coverage is really important. But executives do not have unlimited choice. 

Lower-frequency assets are largely allocated to various other users and even when low-frequency assets can be reclaimed, bandwidth necessarily is limited, as frequency and capacity are directly related. As optical fiber inherently supports higher bandwidth, so higher wireless frequencies support higher capacity. 

That means  teraHertz communicaitons are going to be part of the future mix of mobile communications, even though we have only begun to use millimeter wave frequencies. 

source: Mi-Wave 

Ultra-dense optical fiber networks will be necessary, as teraHertz signals dissipate after a score or two meters, using currently-available radio technology. So coverage will likely continue to be dominated by low-band and mid-band frequencies, with millimeter increasingly used for high-demand areas where optical fiber backhaul is prevalent. 

Commercial teraHertz coverage might well resemble Wi-Fi distances, if even more challenging as signal propagation is line of sight. That suggests optical fiber density very close to fiber-to-home deployments.

5G: Long Term, Take Rates Matter; Near Term, Coverage Matters

Usage, rather than coverage, is the ultimate test of a mobile network’s success, but coverage is temporarily more important during the early days of construction of a new next-generation network. 

Customers cannot buy what cannot be sold. But once available, whether they buy--and how much--is the issue. That is true for either 5G or mobile internet. According to the GSMA, about 93 percent of people--about 3.4 billion--globally still not using the internet with mobile devices live in low-income or middle-income countries. 

But network availability is not the big problem: Just about six percent of those people--six percent--are not reached by a network, says GSMA. 

source: GSMA 

Right now, in most countries, 5G is being introduced, so coverage is an issue. 

If there are, by 2025, 3.6 billion 5G connections in service,  then 5G could represent about 20 percent of all mobile phone connections globally, according to CCS Insight. Some older estimates called for 15 percent adoption, on less than two billion subscriptions in 2025. Yet other forecasts call for three billion 5G subscriptions by 2025.  

Estimates vary at least in part because possible connections (subscriber identity modules) are higher than the number of devices in use (subscribers). According to GSMA, there could be 8.8 billion connections by 2025, but only 5.7 billion unique people who are subscribers. 

It makes a significant difference whether the denominator is authorized SIM cards or active users. 

source: CCS Insight 

On the other hand, 5G adoption rates seem to be higher than for 4G, as much as four times faster, according to 5G Americas. So estimates for 2025 5G adoption are trending towards the forecast of 3.5 billion connections. 

 

That obviously will be accompanied by matching growth of 5G device sales. According to the IDC Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, shipments of smartphones are forecast to reach 1.38 billion units in 2021, an increase of 7.7 percent over 2020. This trend is expected to continue into 2022, when year-over-year growth will be 3.8 percent with shipments totaling 1.43 billion.

Source: IDC 

By about 2025 5G devices could represent 80 percent of new device sales globally, IDC seems to estimate. That should scale with 5G account connections as well. CCS Insight believes 5G connections will be about 35 percent of all mobile connections in lead markets such as South Korea by 2025. 

5G Connection in South Korea

source: CCS Insight 

Mobile Operator Questions About 5G Payback Model Reflect 4G Experiences

Many in the mobile ecosystem ask the question “how will we make money from 5G? Fixed network operators have been asking themselves similar questions--"how do we get a payback from fiber-to-the-home?"--for several decades.

For mobile or fixed network operators, competition and changing demand make payback models uncertain and challenging. Where facilities-based competiton exists, the infrastructure cost per customer account always rises.

Stranded assets are the reason, though more an issue for fixed networks. In a monopoly market, the single provider might hope to get close to 98 percent take rates. In a competitive market with two equally-capable providers, each provider might hope to get 50 percent share of the installed base.

That effectively doubles the network cost per customer, as revenue is earned from about half of locations passed. In markets with three or more facilities-based competitors, cost-per-account increases more.

Demand changes also effect payback models. Fiber to the home once was underpinned by the assumption that there would be high demand for up to three services (voice, video and internet access).

As demand for fixed network voice and linear video subscriptions declines, the business model increasingly is built on home broadband. Voice and linear video help, but both are expected to keep declining.

But that has key revenue implications. Where a home location might have been expected to generate revenue of $80 to $200, the growing reality is that a location is expected to generate perhaps $50 in home broadband revenue, and then some amount of voice or other revenue from some locations.

Basically, revenue expectations--average revenue per customer or location--are effectively cut in half. That forces changes to the payback model on the cost side. Basically, costs must drop.

Those savings can come from intrastructure cost declines; operating cost drops; higher subsidies; lower maintenance costs; lower headcount and overhead or any combination.

The key point is that revenue assumptions for fixed networks increasingly are founded on lower gross revenue assumptions; revenue from additional sources; shared costs between mobile and fixed networks and more importance attached to defending market share or taking market share.

The parallel question asked by mobile operators--"how do we make money from 5G?--embeds some of the same issues faced by fixed network operators.

What the question likely means is less an uncertainty about revenue drivers and more a concern about the distribution of value within the ecosystem: will mobile operators reap a fair share of 5G benefits (higher revenue, higher profits, higher market share, lower operating costs)?

Looking only at consumer retail costs--exclusive of experience advantages such as higher speed; lower latency; new services or capabilities--it is not yet completely clear that average revenue per 5G account is higher than 4G ARPA.

5G has proven to generate higher ARPA in some markets, however.

It is a virtual certainty that 4G and older connections will be replaced by 5G. So the baseline for 5G revenue is 4G revenue. Beyond that, there is expected upside from private networks, network slicing (virtual private networks), edge computing and new enterprise connections to support internet of things use cases. 

To be sure, many wonder whether “we can charge more for 4G?” The long-term answer is not yet knowable, but the practical answer might well be “yes.” 

And that can be true even when direct tariffs for 5G are not that different, if different at all, from 4G tariffs. Some mobile operators do not charge a premium for 5G, but expect to gain market share, which drives higher 5G revenue.

Other service providers provide incentives for customers to use 5G but with a price increase coming in the form of unlimited usage. The actual driver of higher revenue per account is the shift to a higher-priced “unlimited usage” tier, not 5G as such, though such plans include 5G access at no extra charge. 

And though we have not seen it much, if at all, some mobile operators might decide to institute speed tiers for mobile service that mimic the ways access is sold on fixed networks. Customers might be offered lowest prices for lowest speeds; mid-tier pricing for mid-tier speeds and premium prices for the higher speed tiers. 

But there is another sense in which the question of “how will we make money from 5G?” can be understood.

Customers got value in terms of higher speeds when 4G was introduced. Mobile operators expected to sell more data, which would generate more revenues, and also create new services that would further increase revenues. 

But tough competition in many markets meant that mobile operators were not able to charge a price premium for 4G access. So the benefits went largely to consumers, according to ING analysts. “They got more data, better speeds and often paid less,” ING says. 

Governments also raised billions in revenue from spectrum auctions.

So one way of understanding the question about 5G revenues is the distribution of value and revenue for mobile operators within the 5G ecosystem. The downside for mobile operators is lower recurring revenues from 5G, compared to 4G. 

“Operators do not want to repeat these mistakes” seen in the transition from 3G to 4G, ING notes. But some might argue that the long-term trend will be difficult to break. 

source: Statista 

source: Strategy Analytics

source: Researchgate  

Taking market share, shifting customers to pricier accounts and increased usage charges are the immediate ways mobile operators have boosted 5G revenues over 4G levels. 

Longer-term pricing trends, though, might be difficult to change, as prices have been declining since 1996. 

On the other hand, the whole reason we see a next-generation mobile network about every 10 years, since 3G, is that capacity demand by customers keeps climbing. And while mobile operators can increase effective capacity using small cells and better radios, at some point an increase in spectrum is required. 

Also, as modulation and coding gets better with each successive generation, the cost to deliver a bit drops, allowing mobile operators to supply data consumption demand at lower costs. 

So another way to look at the payback model is to ask “what happens to your business if you do not upgrade to 5G?” Defending existing market share is a legitimate business outcome. 

Creating a more-efficient data network that supplies demand affordably also is an important business outcome. And to the extent 5G network capabilities are required to support dense internet of things networks, edge computing networks and network slicing, not investing in 5G forsakes any revenue opportunities in those areas. 

In many ways, that is akin to the value of fiber-to-home networks. In many cases, higher revenue per account is not expected. The business value instead comes from consumer market share gains, market share defense and the ability to compete in those markets. 

There is incremental value in terms of backhaul support for mobile small cell networks or business-grade services for smaller businesses. There is value in reduced operating expenses and possibly headcount. 

In other words, there are lots of ways 5G contributes to overall business value for mobile operators that go beyond direct tariff increases.

Google Invests in Airtel: Why?

Google’s new $700 million investment in Airtel, with up to $300 million to follow over five years, is part of an initiative by Airtel to reduce the cost of Android devices in the Indian market. The deal includes a 1.2 percent ownership stake in Airtel. 

But that is not the first investment Google has taken in an India mobile operator Google in 2020 invested $4.5 billion for a 7.73 percent stake in Reliance Jio Platforms. 

Separately, Facebook invested $5.7 billion in Reliance Jio Platforms in 2020. 

In part, such investments can be driven by multiple different values. Securing market entry in a key new growth area is one reason for such hyperscale app provider investments in mobile service providers. Protection from overzealous regulation is another possible benefit. 

source: Mint 

Seizing early market share leadership and user base when there are rivals is another obvious value. To the extent that hyperscalers benefit from ingesting more data, that is another value. 

Such investments in mobile and other connectivity firms are not primarily driven by the desire to replace connectivity providers in the ecosystem. 

On the other hand, it is  hard to avoid noting that two hyperscale app providers are owners of stakes in India’s largest mobile services provider, while Google now becomes a stakeholder in India’s second-largest mobile operator. 

In other cases Google has worked with mobile operators to seek ways to reduce infrastructure costs, as the Telecom Infra Project is doing. TIP seeks to  “accelerate the development and deployment of open, disaggregated, and standards-based technology solutions” that deliver high-quality connectivity. 

As a clear byproduct, TIP expects costs of infrastructure to drop. 

Keep in mind the firm and ecosystem role advantages. Looking only at the internet of things value chain, suppliers of platforms and applications depend on the connectivity function to create their business models. In other words, Facebook and Google benefit from universal, high-quality broadband. Their businesses actually require that affordable, high-quality internet access be as widespread as possible, everywhere in the world. 

source: IoT Global Network 

Instead of a value chain, think of the concept of layers as incorporated in the Open Systems Interconnection model or TCP/IP. By design, applications can run independently of the ownership of networks. The modular design means different suppliers, vendors or entities can operate at each layer, independently of ownership. 

source: Medium 

Unlike the older “closed” model of telecom, where every app on a network was either directly owned by the infrastructure owner or operated with its permission, the layers model separates each layer. 

That creates the business model we call “over the top,” where any lawful applications can be used by any person or machine without the permission of the internet access provider. 

But layers also dictate possible business models. OTT exists precisely because any lawful app can be used by any user on any network. The bundled or closed approach to creating and using applications or platforms is replaced by an open and disaggregated model.

That has profound implications. Hyperscale app or platform suppliers benefit from universal, affordable, quality internet access. Anything that increases the ability to access the internet (such as home broadband, Wi-Fi, mobility networks, satellite and fixed wireless networks) is the foundation for app provider revenue models.  

Hence their interest in ensuring that internet access is easier to deploy, everywhere, at lower costs, since lower costs mean “everyone” can use the internet. 

Conversely, the same drivers operate almost in the opposite way for connectivity providers, in some ways. The business objective of driving down internet access costs obviously limits connectivity provider gross revenues and profit margins. 

For a hyperscale or any other app or platform provider, internet access is a cost of doing business. So there is an incentive to promote lower input costs. For a connectivity provider, the access is the business, so there is an incentive to raise prices when possible. 

On the other hand, TIP, for example, aims to help lower infrastructure costs by creating open approaches to infrastructure that lead to lower costs, as functions are disaggregated and designed according to open standards any supplier can build upon. 

Investing in important, fast-growing access providers sometimes is strategic when a big new market is opening and early scale is desired. But there are other potential benefits, such as deflecting regulatory opposition or gaining mobile operator marketing push. 

That explains why Facebook and Google made their investments.

But it also is worth noting that hyperscale application and platform providers now also operate as forces to reduce infrastructure costs in ways that are helpful to connectivity providers. 

In one sense, among the changes is a shift from supplier-driven technology development to connectivity-provider led development. 

We may see other forms of connectivity role encroachment over time. At least some of that activity is a logical drive by an ecosystem participant to lower the costs of an essential business input, while increasing the revenue opportunity it can chase.

Telecom Employment Has Been Falling for Two Decades

Headcount reductions are nothing new for the world’s top-20 biggest connectivity providers over the past half decade. One also can note a longer-term trend as fixed network operations, in particular, need to be made more efficient to deal with declining revenues. 

source: Economic Policy Institute

 

source: Economic Policy Institute

But job cuts in the connectivity business have been occurring for 20 years. But sometimes the job cuts really are akin to outsourcing, where a firm shifts headcount to another entity. The net effect is lower headcount, but the jobs are not necessarily “lost.”

By selling assets, AT&T has significantly reduced headcount over the past year. 

Over the last four years, AT&T headcount has dropped by 77,400, largely driven by asset sales. 

About 12,000 employees were shifted when  DirecTV was sold to TPG, a private equity firm.

Another 12,240 jobs were shifted when AT&T  sold Vrio, a television business serving Latin America and the Caribbean, to investment company Grupo Werthein.

As Warner Media is merged with Discovery, possibly another 25,000 in headcount will be shifted.