Vyyo 3 GHz: Bigger Pipes for Cable

Even back in 2005, before the YouTube, user generated video wave hit, cable operators were thinking the amount of bandwith they would be delivering in linear fashion would shrink, while on demand services would grow. Over the top Internet video only magnifies the trend. So it is no surprise that cable operators are looking at any number of ways to boost bandwidth without ripping up their hybrid fiber coax plants and going fiber to the home. After all, the consistent cable refrain is that FTTH is way too expense and HFC is much better.

Cablers are looking at signal compression and decoding, upgrades to 1 GHz bandwidth, creating smaller fiber-served neighborhoods, converting to all digital signal formats or overlaying new electronics on the existing plant to make use of non-traditional frquencies. Vyyo is one of the suppliers of an overlay system, and says it can boost downstream bandwidth by about double, and upstream bandwidth by 10 times, for something on the order of $125 investment for every home passed by the cable network.

That's the good news. The bad news is that every time an engineer adds an active element, serially connected to another active element in a network, reliability necessarily takes a hit. So the good news is that the Vyyo overlay dramatically increases bandwidth, at the cost of reduced network reliability.

If the 3 GHz Spectrum Overlay adds six elements in series on each fiber leg, then the reduced reliability can be calculated by multiplying the reliability of each single device (a number less than one)by the reliabilities of each of the other devices, to get the impact on system reliability. Obviously, multiplying numbers less than one by other numbers less than one can only go in one direction: down.

If one assumes a reliability of 100 percent--a device or system that never fails--you understand why telecom engineers are so fixated on 99.999 percent reliability for the entire network. Never mind that the goal is virtually impossible to meet for some services, as the terminal devices have reliabilities low enough to drop end-to-end performance below the targeted "five nines."

But that's why there is such emphasis on the telecom world on passive optical access networks. Telco outside plant technicians and engineers know just how labor intensive a system can be when it has many active elements in it. For the cablers, perhaps the overlay tradeoff is worth making. But it will come at a price beyond the capital investment, in the form of reduced network reliability. That's just the physics and math.

SIP Trunking, Even if You Have no SIP

Global IP Solutions has introduced Interoffice Voice Trunking, offering enterprise customers free, high-quality voice over their internal networks. And get this: IVT can be used even where an enterprise has TDM phone systems in place, using a gateway that converts TDM to SIP signals.

GIPS claims high-quality voice can be transmitted this way over any network, including the the public Internet. GIPS Solutions' products are fully compatible with the IP PBXs from Cisco, 3Com and Avaya as well as any other H.323 compatible PBX, including circuit switched telephone equipment. IVT runs on any Windows 2000 or XP server, which enables companies to extend the useful life of legacy hardware and also supports any broadband Internet connection.

Presence, Location, Existence

Google in 2005 filed a patent application regarding "a computer-implemented method of providing text entry assistance data, comprising: receiving at a system location information associated with a user; receiving at the system information indicative of predictive textual outcomes; generating dictionary data using the location information; and providing the dictionary data to a remote device." The concept might be looked at as a location-based communications service. It is more, we'd argue.

"Presence," the ability of a computer system to detect your present willingness and ability to communicate. "Location-based" services promise to tie your present location to your lifestyle and preferences. Google's patent goes slightly further. It would make possible not only location-variable messaging and communications, but time of day or day of week personalization as well. The system theoretically could alter the results of any active or passive "search" function based on your past history, time of day, day of week and actual location.

And, of course, it makes most sense for some sort of mobile device. "Presence" solves many problems related to the effectiveness and efficiency of communications. "Location-aware" features may help solve some additional problems (I'm hungry or thirsty. Where can I get something to eat?). Google's system could theoretically contextualize even one's life experience (If you hurry, you can catch an earlier flight; those size 4 pink Crocs you wanted for the granddaughter are for sale, or maybe even on sale, at the store one block ahead. You will want to ship them home and there's a FedEx Kinkos another block ahead).

Whether WiMAX?

Whenever the subject of slow moving telcos and broadband access choices come up, wireless typically is mentioned as the most hopeful alternative. So the latest incarnation of the wireless buzz machine is WiMAX, sharpened recently by Sprint Nextel's decision to use WiMAX as its fourth generation network platform, followed by Clearwire's initial public offering, successful by market measures.

Of course, I've been hearing this same refrain for two decades. And there's one surefire way to determine whether any proposed wireless technology is going to be disruptive (in other words, an important competitor to incumbents) is simply to follow the money. If any new wireless technology really is going to disrupt access markets, it has to remain under the control of an upstart, period. As soon as any platform is acquired by the incumbents, it ceases to be disruptive. Clearwire couldbe acquired outright, and still remain disruptive. It simply has to be acquired by a hungry company willing to upset the market.

But there are other important strategic factors to consider when evaluating the potential or the threat posed by wireless access technologies. The first is competition. The second is wireless transmission properties. For starters, most people who assume WiMAX will be mostly disruptive typically fail to consider how other wireless broadband service providers are going to react. Do you think incumbent
3G providers are going to sit by for very long and let Clearwire eat their lunch? And do you think wireline broadband incumbents will do likewise?

The last time we looked, independent telcos in the rural areas Clearwire has said are prime opportunities have begun to upgrade their networks for broadband. Then there are two broadband by satellite providers available in most, though not all, U.S. rural areas. They say the same thing as Clearwire: underserved market; less competition, or no competition, from cable and telcos.

On the other hand, mobility is a plus, and the basis for differentiating the service. And if one voice enables Clearwire, as the company says it will do, there is some ability to shift mobile customers away from their current providers.

On the bandwidth issue, though, Clearwire has to hope for modest--but not wild--success. The reason is that wild success kills the network. Recall that Clearwire, like any radio licensee, operates in a sliver of the radio spectrum. The radio spectrum is a part of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Optical systems use visible light, can use every color of visible light (wavelengths) and so can carry
what is for all practical purposes infinite bandwidth. No radio system, operating in a sliver of the radio band, ever can do that.

Wireless networks can be reengineered to reuse whatever spectrum is available, of course. Still, at some point interference issues prevent unlimited reuse. The business impact is that any radio system has less aggregate network bandwidth to work with, and can allocate less of the practically available bandwidth to any single user. And the demands get worse as customer count rises and there is more contention for the available bandwidth.

So optical access always always has the advantage over radio, and gets more efficient as penetration rises. Radio gets less efficient as penetration rises. Sure, you can design the network for maximum reuse of the existing spectrum, which helps deal with bandwidth and penetration. But it also increases capital investment.

Still, the company has lots going for it. At some point, we are going to stop talking about how little broadband penetration there is and start talking about multiple subscriptions per home, and subscriptions per user. Wireless is not always a substitute for wired connections, but supplemental. The access game is not zero sum, as it is thought to be. And mobile broadband, in particular, is a service sold to
individual human beings, not places. So the market inherently is more elastic. Remember the difference between mobile phones and landlines. One is sold to people, the other to places.

Craig McCaw owns a good chunk of the company, and Craig is a smart guy. It has serious partners (Intel, Motorola, Bell Canada) and a $3.8 billion market cap. The company had $100 million in revenue last year. It could grow to $200 million to $300 million this year.

Still, there are issues. So far, the network footprint is modest, covering areas serving 8.6 million people, or less than three percent of the U.S. population. At the end of last year it had 206,200 subscribers. But it has licenses to coverage 250 million people. Still, the North American WiMAX market is expected to increase from the current 30,000 installed bases to more than 21 million by 2011. And mobile
WiMAX radios aren't available yet.

In the meantime, there's the matter of cash burn. It has to build networks, and that's expensive. Last year the company spent $1.1 billion. It will need to raise money money in 2008 to continue the build. All that said, in the end, whether Clearwire creates a serious alternative to cable and telco, 3G, other 4G and satellite broadband access services, remains to be seen.

If it remains independent, yes. If it is acquired by an incumbent, no.

Not Such Great News

Though it isn't yet clear how serious Verizon's patent infringement case against Vonage will turn out to be, it is hard to see how it is positive, overall, for any service provider targeting the VoIP replacement market as an "over the top" basis. We would assume that cable operators have not chosen implementations Verizon thinks infringing. At the very least, the royalty payments now impose a revenue drag of about 5.5 percent of revenues, if the judgment stands. Vonage still has the single largest number of VoIP subscribers, according to TeleGeography, but what that asset will be worth is just slightly more open to question.

Two Ways to Develop Apps...

...and neither is completely right. Mobile operators, no less than their wireline brethren, have to figure out now just what applications are hot, and how to build business models around them, but how to balance the walled garden with the over the top open approach to apps.

It's an old argument spun in new ways. Service providers traditionally have created the apps on behalf of end users, with modest success in some cases. The Internet, of course, changes everything. Now end users and third parties can develop as they like, without carrier permission. Neither the walled garden or the completely open approaches will completely exclude the other sort of approach, though.

Gatekeepers will still have a role in guaranteeing better user experience for some third party apps, as well as developing a few of their own apps. Most apps, though, are simply going to be delivered over the top. The real pinch points are going to come where the app involves real time services with high bandwidth requirements. In those cases, carriers often will emerge as providers of latency control and app context features.

As analysts at The Yankee Group see matters, Internet types will prefer flat rate pricing while service providers lean towards usage-based models. There is room for both, plus ad support. Hybrid models are the future.

Good for Users, Not for Service Providers...

Businesses can use fixed mobile convergence and VoIP to slash more than 30 per cent from their communications spend, according to researchers at Analysys. How? The same way prices have dropped in other areas of communications: bypass of the public networks.

"Companies are spending over 80 per cent of their call bill on mobile services," says Margaret Hopkins Analsys analyst. That's not surprising, if you consider that most people get mobiles sometime in their teens, and keep using them as they get older, as eMarketer suggests.