Products Become Services; Services Become Apps: Where Does it Lead?

Technology has changed, is changing and will change business models, it is safe to say Cisco believes. The implications are not always so immediately obvious, though, as the transition itself can take decades.

Many will agree that “technology will fundamentally change business models," as Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins recently said. But note the time frame: Robbins says the 1990s proved the killer app for the Internet was e-commerce. Two decades later, we still are seeing that process unfold.

One might be tempted to make another observation: products are becoming services, but products and services also are becoming apps, with the result that revenue-generating products and services become “features.”

Voice and messaging increasingly are “features” of mobile Internet access services. Look at the way leading mobile operators now price voice, messaging and Internet access. Voice and messaging are provided on a flat-fee, low price, unlimited domestic use basis, while Internet access is the variable component that drives most of the revenue.

It might be one thing for Cisco to note that the way companies make their money is changing from products (or hardware) to services (and software). It is less comforting, in some quarters, that services are becoming apps.

Optimistically, the belief that industry revenue models are changing could mean that one source is exchanged for another.

Pessimistically, revenue models are being destroyed, not merely refashioned. To say that voice and messaging are “for free” apps, rather than “for fee” services, also implies that the incumbent “service” revenue stream is effectively destroyed.

That does not prevent either incumbents or attackers from creating new revenue models in an “app” mode. But the process is far more dangerous for an incumbent.

Google and Facebook have succeeded in becoming the first big technology companies whose revenue models are based on advertising, not hardware and software sales.

We still do not know what fate awaits many big telcos as every major legacy revenue stream becomes subject to product or supplier substitution.

U.S. International Long Distance Used to Drive Industry Revenues; No More

Total international calling revenues revenues from U.S. customers decreased in 2014, compared to previous years, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission reports.

U.S. international service providers billed U.S. customers $3.87 billion in 2013. Such carriers billed U.S. customers $3.7 billion in 2014.  

Settlement payments of $2.6 billion also were recorded, for $1.0 billion worth of minutes completed on foreign fixed-line networks and $1.5 billion for minutes completed on foreign mobile networks.

So one way of looking at the business is that international long distance represents about 30 percent gross margin on a net $1.1 billion business.

Consider that Verizon’s 2015 annual revenues are about $131.6 billion. AT&T’s 2015 annual revenues were $147 billion. International consumer voice revenues now are negligible for both firms.

Calls to juste three countries accounted for about 63 percent of the outgoing international U.S.- billed minutes.

The top three routes with the highest international U.S.-billed minutes in 2014 were U.S.-India (24.8 percent), U.S.-Mexico (23.7 percent), and U.S.-Canada (14.2 percent).

Of the total 84.7 billion minutes billed in 2014, 49.4 billion minutes were completed on foreign fixed-line networks, and 35.3 billion minutes were completed on foreign mobile networks.  

The number of providers filing traffic and revenue reports increased by 30 percent. The number of providers increased from 1,457 in the previous report to 1,896 in this report, which includes, for the first time, 354 interconnected VoIP service providers.

Why 5G Might Really be Different

New revenue sources and business models have been a hoped-for by-product of 3G and 4G mobile networks, and many supporters hope the same will be true for 5G, perhaps the first next-generation mobile network being designed specifically with new Internet of Things apps and fixed network substitution in mind.

The role of millimeter wave spectrum above 6 GHz also is important, as such resources are expected to provide very high capacity in high-density areas where there is a short distance between users and the network antennas.

Also, many observers believe the initial use cases will involve targeted “add capacity” deployments, rather than a general deployment over wide geographic areas. That might involve high-traffic venues and indoor locations.

At least for the moment, some proponents believe Wi-Fi handoff will not be fully integrated and seamless.

And many believe new sorts of providers might emerge, including community-based 5G networks that will interoperate with mobile carrier 5G networks.

Low mobility and fixed service also is envisioned, to support fixed Internet of Things sensors, for example. Other possible use cases include migration of public switched network services from fixed to mobile networks.

And that is why 5G might really be different: it is the first next generation platform to be optimized for new application classes (Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communications) as well as fixed network substitution.

Why ISPs are Like PC Manufacturers

Four are the main reasons why every legacy access provider (satellite, cable TV, telco, fixed wireless, independent Internet access provider) must constantly and seriously engage in an effort to discover and create big new revenue sources.

New competitors are crossing traditional industry boundaries; policy supports more competition; technology itself enables new forms of competition; and all apps and services now essentially are part of a single “computing industry.”

First, all legacy revenue sources are diminishing, under direct and indirect product substitution (over the top apps and services) as well as changing consumer preferences (on demand services displacing linear; apps replacing carrier services).

Second, both technology and policy now allow a much-wider range of competitors to enter any market (Uber, Lyft, Airbnb, Travelocity, Netflix, Skype, Hangouts, Messenger, WhatsApp).

Third, Moore’s Law enables everything from cheaper devices to new delivery modes to use of resources that could not, in the past, be tapped.

Fourth, with the fundamental separation of apps from access, and with the rise of cloud-based app sourcing, every supplier now is, more or less, part of a bigger computing industry. That Google and Facebook--both technology companies--have business models based on advertising provides one clear example.

On that last point, consider what personal computer manufacturers have faced, namely a relative devaluing of hardware in favor of software. Computing operations now are “commoditized,” with resultant lower profit margins and gross revenue.

“Our historical industry categories obscure a bigger reality: we are all just part of a distributed computing industry,” says consultant Martin Geddes.

If access providers now are akin to hardware suppliers in the computing industry (they enable apps and computing resources to be used), then both revenue diminution and profit pressures are to be expected.

And that is why the discovery of big new replacement revenue sources is so important.

Global ICT Report: Kudos for Malaysia, Kuwait, Lebanon, South Africa, Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire

The composition of the group of top 10 performers in the 2016 Global Information Technology Report is unchanged from 2015.

The leading group consists of a mix of high-income Southeast Asian (Singapore and Japan) and European countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Luxembourg) as well as the United States. Networked readiness remains highly correlated with per capita income.

Leading the “Emerging and Developing Asian” economies in 2016 is Malaysia.

The top five in the region in terms of overall ICT readiness remain China, Malaysia, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, as in 2015.

The group of “Emerging and Developing Asian” countries has been both moving up and converging since 2012. Individual usage in the region is still one of the lowest in the world, but has been growing strongly in recent years.

The performance range of countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region remains widely dispersed with almost 100 places between Chile (38th) and Haiti (137th).

The MENAP region (Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan) is home to two of the biggest movers in this year’s rankings: Kuwait (61st, up 11) and Lebanon (88th, also up 11).

Several sub-Saharan African countries among the top upward movers, including South Africa (65th, up 10), Ethiopia (120th, up 10), and Côte d’Ivoire (106th, up 9).

The networked readiness framework rests on six principles: (1) a high-quality regulatory and business environment is critical in order to fully leverage ICTs and generate impact; (2) ICT readiness—as measured by ICT affordability, skills, and infrastructure—is a pre-condition to generating impact; (3) fully leveraging ICTs requires a society-wide effort: the government, the business sector, and the population at large each have a critical role to play; (4) ICT use should not be an end in itself. The impact that ICTs actually have on the economy and society is what ultimately matters; (5) the set of drivers— the environment, readiness, and usage—interact, coevolve, and reinforce each other to form a virtuous cycle; and (6) the networked readiness framework should provide clear policy guidance.

The Global Information Technology Report 2016 is a special project within the framework of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness and Risks Team and the Industry Partnership Programme for Information and Communication Technologies. It is the result of collaboration between the World Economic Forum and INSEAD.

Will Wi-Fi Carry 90% of Mobile Data by 2020?

Wi-Fi carries around 80 percent of mobile data traffic, says Mobile Experts Principal Analyst Joe Madden. He predicts that 90 percent of mobile data will be carried over Wi-Fi and other unlicensed spectrum by 2020.

Such statistics show the nuances of value in the access services space. One might be tempted to suggest that, with that much traffic offloaded to Wi-Fi, much more access revenue “ought” to accrue to Wi-Fi hotspot networks, or the fixed line Internet access services, than to the mobile network.

But, as so often is the case in telecommunications, usage and revenue are different matters. It often happens that usage is indirectly related to revenue. There is a connection, though. The business model impacts, for suppliers of mobile devices, fixed and mobile access services, are quite significant.

For many years, the primary value of a public Wi-Fi hotspot network was the incremental value generated for fixed Internet access services. Likewise, the ability to offload data consumption, as well as the ability to tether a mobile device to Wi-Fi, have been important contributors to the value of specific mobile service plans and devices.

That remains the case. The new issue is how much additional value can be wrung from Wi-Fi, as an access method supporting or replacing mobile access. Wi-Fi-only services have been quite rare. Cablevision Systems Corp. tried that, and will be shutting down its service.

Much more common are Wi-Fi-first models, exemplified by Iliad’s Free Mobile, Google Fi and most coming cable TV-owned or operated  mobile services.

Still, even when mobile networks do not support most of the data consumption, the value of mobility remains intact, even when most traffic consumption uses Wi-Fi.

On the other hand, widespread Wi-Fi access essentially puts a limit on the amount of mobile access consumers must buy.

Facebook Unveils OpenCellular Open Source Mobile Access Platform

Facebook has designed and tested an open source, cost-effective, software-defined wireless access platform aimed to improve mobile connectivity in remote areas of the world. Called “OpenCellular” is a reference model intended to be used by platform suppliers, who can use it to provide lower-cost access, allowing networks to reach rural and hard-to-reach areas, with hard-to-sustain business models.

The model also should allow smaller organizations to contemplate building their own localized access networks, when necessary.

In many cellular network deployments, the cost of the civil and supporting infrastructure (land, tower, security, power, and backhaul) is often much greater than the cost of the cellular access point itself. “One of our goals was to make architectural and design improvements that would result in lower costs associated with the civil and supporting infrastructure,” said Kashif Ali, Facebook engineer.

The platform supports a range of communication options from 2G to LTE.

The system is composed of two main subsystems: general-purpose and baseband computing (GBC) with integrated power and housekeeping system, and radio frequency (RF) with integrated analog front-end.

Facebook plans to open-source the hardware design, along with necessary firmware and control software, to enable telecom operators, entrepreneurs, OEMs, and researchers to locally build, implement, deploy, and operate wireless infrastructure based on this platform.

Facebook will  work with Telecom Infra Project (TIP) members to build an active open source community around cellular access technology development and to select trial locations for further validation of technical, functional, and operational aspects of the platform.

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Spectrum Futures, to be held in Singapore, 19-21 October 2016, brings together the whole ecosystem supplying Internet access for everyone across South Asia and Southeast Asia, and features topics and speakers addressing why, how, when and where the most-important developments are happening.

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Chris Weasler, Facebook global head, spectrum policy and connectivity planning at Facebook, will be speaking at Spectrum Futures