Home Broadband Speeds Reaching Multi-Gigabit Levels

Home broadband speeds have climbed for more than two decades and virtually nobody expects that trend to stop. Consider the growing number of internet service providers offering gigabit and multi-gigabit home broadband services.  

A 2022 Omdia survey of 760 home broadband service providers across 178 geographies found that 60 percent of service providers offered service plans operating at 1 Gbps or higher. In North America, 13 percent of service providers already had begun offering multi-gigabit speeds, Omdia says. 

Region	# of service providers surveyed	% SPs offering 1Gbps or faster
Asia & Oceania	144	51%
EMEA	392	57%
Latin America & Caribbean	71	20%
North America	160	88%

source: Omdia 

The other observation is that some form of “digital divide” seems likely to persist, as rural networks tend not to match the performance of urban networks. Networks in developed countries tend to outpace networks in developing regions. 

And beyond availability (potential customers can buy), consumers make their own decisions about what to buy, and why. As a rule, customers tend not to buy the most-pricey, highest-performance tiers of service. Instead, they tend to buy service somewhere in the middle. 

In 2022, for example, North American home broadband customers mostly were buying services operating between 100 Mbps and 500 Mbps, according to Omdia. That was neither the slowest nor the fastest tiers of service available.

source: Omdia 

Over time, that “typical” service level will shift upwards and to the right. But most customers will still be buying service somewhere in the middle.

If You Have a Choice, Expand into a Faster-Growing, Higher-Valuation Part of the Internet Ecosystem

A management professor once told us that when choosing to enter a line of business or career, one generally does better picking an industry or segment that is growing fast, compared to an industry or segment growing slowly. 

The same general observation arguably also holds for lines of business a connectivity provider might consider when looking for revenue growth or repositioning into additional segments of the internet ecosystem. 

As connectivity providers look for new ways to grow revenue, there are only a few basic strategies they can adopt. They can add scale. They can add new connectivity products. They can try to increase the value of their connectivity products. Or they can move into new areas of the internet value chain and add new roles within the ecosystem.

Adding scale is the simplest strategy: sell more of what you already do sell. Creating more “added value” arguably is the next step up in complexity, as it requires creation of new features, bundles, channels or support. 

The strategy of selling new connectivity products is more complex, as the additional product lines might not have the market potential to be large revenue contributors. Those products might require new skills or be sold to different customers. 

Most complicated of all is taking on new roles within the ecosystem. That carries both the most risk but sometimes also the most reward. 

New products and greater scale generally add revenue bulk. That matters because valuation is higher for firms with higher growth rates and business moats. Growth prospects alone tend to move firms towards the upper range of EV/EBITDA rankings from perhaps 12 times (or lower ratios) towards the high end around 15 times. 

The value of moving into additional parts of the ecosystem is that sometimes those other roles carry higher EV/EBITDA valuations. Telcos generally have EV/EBITDA rations in the 10 times to 12 times range. 

Content or media firms, for example, also have ratios in the 10 to 15 times range. So taking on content ownership roles adds gross revenue and might provide additional profit margin advantages and diversification. 

Likewise, consumer electronics firms often carry EV/EBITDA ratios in the 10 times to 15 times range. 

Movement into internet content roles could provide a boost in EV/EBITDA ratios to a range from 15 to 20 times. Likewise, semiconductor firms often have rations in the 15 to 20 area. 

Moving into other roles could carry EV/EBITDA valuations in a similar or higher range, in other words.  

E-commerce apps and sites, for example, might carry ratios in the 20 times to 30 times range. Software firms might carry ratios in the 20 to 21 range. 

Looking at EBITDA and net income margins, larger telcos and connectivity firms might have EBITDA margins in the 20 percent range, with net income margins lower than EBITDA margins. Smaller providers might have EBITDA in the 10 percent range, with net income margins lower than that. 

EBITDA margins for linear video can range from 15 percent to 20 percent. Net margins (after taxes) might range from 10 percent to 15 percent. 

EBITDA margins for content companies such as Disney, Warner Brothers Discovery or Paramount can range from 20 percent to 25 percent. Net margins (after taxes) might range from 10 percent to 15 percent. 

EBITDA margins for internet content companies such as Google, Meta or Twitter can range from 30 percent to 40 percent. Net margins (after taxes) might range from 20 percent to 30 percent. 

EBITDA margins for e-commerce apps and sites such as Amazon or eBay can vary based on translation volume. Smaller sites might have EBITDA in the 10 percent to 15 percent range, while Amazon has in the past had margins closer to 20 percent. Net income margins might range from five percent to 10 percent. 

EBITDA margin for smaller software firms might range from 20 percent to 25 percent. Net income margin might range from 15 percent to 20 percent. Larger firms tend to have higher margins. Microsoft or Oracle could have EBITDA margins as high as 30 percent. 

The bottom line is that a successful move by a telco or connectivity provider into almost any other part of the internet ecosystem can trigger a higher valuation of earned revenue.

Are Home Broadband Prices Going Up or Down?

Are home broadband prices going up or down? It might seem an easy question to answer. "Up," of course, many will say. But ask a different question: what are the price trends compared to other essential products. One might get a different answer. 

Home broadband pricing comparisons are more tricky than you might suppose. One has to choose which sorts of plans to compare. Is the comparison to be made of the most-affordable plans, those in the middle or the highest-priced plans? 

And what if half or more of all customers buy service bundles, not stand-alone internet access plans? Does one exclude buying behavior from half or more of the audience? And what if a significant percentage of customers are on promotional plans? Does one compare those, or only the “standard” plan pricing when promotional periods end?

In other words, it does not make sense to compare price plans most consumers do not buy. Though judgment and choices must be made, what are the plans “most” consumers actually buy? As a rule, that will mean comparing not the value plans or the highest-cost plans, but plans someplace “in the middle of the range,” as that is what most consumers actually buy. 

All that and we have to include the impact of inflation, which distorts longer-term “real” price trends. Finally, there are changes in product quality over time. Does one compare 10 Mbps plans to 100 Mbps or 1,000 Mbps over time? And if so, how does one adjust for quality improvements? Such hedonic adjustment applies whenever legacy products have changed in some key way that makes them new products.

The classic example has been personal computer technology. But internet access also has changed in similar ways over time. 

source" USTelecom

It is hard to answer the question “have home broadband prices risen since 2009?” without using hedonic adjustment and also adjusting for inflation. The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses hedonic adjustment to track producer prices for home broadband, for example, since speed and other attributes change over time. 

The rationale is that a dial-up internet connection is not a  comparable service to home broadband at various speeds (10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, for example). Since prices tend to stay about the same over time while speeds have increased for the “most bought” tiers of service, BLS adjusts prices to account for quality improvements. 

source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 

In other words, home broadband prices might not be “too high.” Where many other essential products have seen price increases--even before the recent bout of high inflation--home broadband prices arguably have decreased. 

Ignoring hedonic changes, Compared to 2008, fixed network broadband costs have fallen, globally, though there is a slight rise in developed nations, driven by consumer preferences for higher-priced and higher-speed services, according to International Telecommunications Union data. 

source: ITU 

Consumers do not like price increases, it goes without saying. But nominal price increases, when inflation is at any rate above zero, are going to happen. Real price increases must adjust for currency differences, inflation rates and hedonic quality changes, not to mention actual consumer behavior.

Some Parts of Amazon's E-Tailer Operations are Not Valued Appropriately

An interesting valuation issue exists at Amazon, partly based on revenue growth expectations, profit margin potential, but also business model. Amazon’s two major lines of business are Amazon Web Services, at about 16 percent of sales, and the e-commerce and advertising operations, representing the bulk of Amazon sales volume. 

Simply, AWS supplies all of Amazon’s net income. 

source: Amazon 

AWS also arguably represents all of Amazon’s profit.

source: FourweekMBA 

Amazon’s e-commerce operations clearly use a platform business model, while Amazon Web Services only uses that model for a portion of AWS operations, notably the marketplace for third-party app and software suppliers. 

The valuation of these operations suggests that a platform business model does not, in and of itself, have a consistent value across all industries. Valuations can be higher or lower depending on the context. 

AWS--which mostly is not a platform business model, might be valued at a software stock's valuation of 10 times sales. The e-commerce operations might be valued similarly to other retailers. Walmart and Target, for example, might be valued between 0.66 times sales up to 0.74 times sales. 

Of course, buried within the e-commerce operations are other lines of business that should carry a different valuation. Amazon’s growing advertising operations, subscription services and third-party logistics and sales platforms, for example, should not be valued on a simple retailer basis. 

Advertising-driven firms might be valued from three times revenue up to eight times revenue or higher, in some cases. So that portion of Amazon e-commerce that generates advertising revenue represents a different valuation than the simple e-tailing. 

All that suggests that a platform business model does not carry with it an automatic higher or lower valuation than that same business operated in a traditional “pipeline” manner. Growth potential obviously has a greater impact.

What Comes Next, After Mobility?

Mass market mobile phone usage and home broadband were so important for connectivity providers because they were the replacement products for fixed network voice service decline. Keep in mind that voice services were the revenue and profit driver for the global telecom industry. So the demise of voice would have been the demise of the industry had new replacement products not developed. 

A person might well wonder what comes next, as mobile service begins to saturate. There are many proposed candidates that represent parts of the solution. Private networks, edge computing and internet of things are among the common answers. Those will help, but nobody really believes any of those sources are big enough to displace mobility services as the core driver of revenue and profit. 

Platform business models might not be a general answer, either. But at least some connectivity or data center interests might emerge in such roles. 

 

Platform business models in the data center and connectivity business hinge on creation of marketplaces or ecosystems that connect participants. That might not apply to the core businesses (connectivity services and server colocation). Those businesses are examples of the traditional “pipeline” where a firm creates a product and then sells it to customers. 

Where the platform revenue comes in is when the data center or connectivity provider creates ways for customers to connect with third parties. In a data center, that might operate by allowing a colocation customer to buy security or other services from third party app providers. 

E-commerce marketplaces are the classic examples of platform business models. 

source: Applico

In a connectivity business the process might involve allowing customers to buy roaming services from any number of providers in hundreds of countries, with revenue paid to the transaction platform by both participating service providers and end user retail customers. 

Some platform business revenues have been earned in the connectivity business in the past. Linear video subscriptions might be examples of pipeline model. But advertising sales to customers of those services are a platform model.

Connectivity providers sell subscriptions to retail customers, and advertising to business partners. In the mobile business, a firm might sell roaming services to retail customers that are sourced from mobile operators in dozens to hundreds of countries. As in the video advertising example, the packager and platform earns money from retail customers and the wholesale service providers. 

Platforms often are referred to as “two-sided marketplaces.” There are any number of key attributes, including payments flow, fragmented suppliers and fragmented buyers. Other attributes, including network effects, might also apply to traditional “pipeline” models as well. 

The simplest, classic test of whether a platform business model operates is when the host makes its money facilitating transactions between third parties. Other classic examples are payment systems that enable transactions between retailers and shoppers. 

source: FourweekMBA 

GigSky provides an example. It enables mobile roaming service in some 190 countries, hosting a platform that allows travelers to purchase temporary internet access service when outside their home countries. 

Some might view that as similar to the way any mobile virtual network operator conducts business: buying wholesale capacity from a facilities-based wholesaler and then retailing service under the MVNO’s own brand name. 

But the resemblance is deceiving. A firm such as TruConnect buys wholesale from T-Mobile, then sells its branded service to customers. But TruConnect does not use a platform business model. It creates its own service and sells that service to customers. It does not connect potential buyers with many sellers. 

Most platforms are exchanges, according to Applico. 

• Services marketplace: a service

• Product marketplace: a physical product

• Payments platform: monetary payment

• Investment platform: an investment/financial instrument (i.e., money exchanged for a financial instrument, be it equity or a loan, etc.)

• Social networking platform: a double-opt-in (friending) mode of social interaction

• Communication platform: 1: 1 direct social communication (messaging)

• Social gaming platform: a gaming interaction involving multiple users, either competing or cooperating

Platform business models are important in the data center and connectivity businesses precisely because that model provides an answer to the question of how growth can be created in a business with commodity pressures. 

"Sum of the Parts" is Going to be More Important in the Future

As much as connectivity providers envy the valuation multiples earned by app providers, so long as data access and transport remains a distinct part of the value chain and ecosystem, it is going to command a valuation set by the market.

For example, mobile operators have an EV/EBITDA multiple of about 8.7, according to an analysis by NYU’s Stern School of ratios in January 2023. That is close to the cable TV multiple of about seven. Telecom ratios are a bit below six. Internet software earns a multiple close to 15. 

As always, firms are evaluated differently even within the same industry. A recent analysis suggests that small ISPs that also are cable operators get a higher multiple than the largest and larger service providers.

source: Cobank, CapitalIQ, Telecompetitor 

According to Equidam, telecom services and mobile service have EV/EBITDA ratios of nearly seven. Online services have a multiple of nearly 16. In other words, online services are valued at more than twice that of integrated telecom providers. 

Likewise, Equidam estimates telecom EV/EBITA at a multiple of 6.4, while information technology carries a 16 multiple. Other analyses by McKinsey suggest a telecom service provider EV/EBITDA median ratio around 10 and a median information technology radio a bit over 15. 

source: McKinsey 

Since “telecom” often is lumped in with “telecom, technology and media” as a category, the aggregate indices often obscure more than they reveal. “Worldwide, the average value of enterprise value to earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EV/EBITDA) in the technology and telecommunications sector as of 2022 was a multiple of approximately 20.8 times,” says Statista. But the “software (internet) industry saw the highest valuation multiples with 44.9 times.” So the “telecommunications” ratios were far lower. 

According to Siblis Research, the EV/EBITDA ratio for “communications” firms in the large capitalization category was about 8.6, while the ratio for “information technology” was about 16.  

To be sure, valuation metrics change over time, and specific valuations of any particular firm, at any particular time, geography, revenue magnitude and strategic value, can vary. 

But you get the point: different industries are evaluated differently in financial markets. 

The complication comes when firms in different industries start to “converge,” offering services and products historically offered by other industries. When revenue magnitudes are low, it is likely that a unit of revenue earned by a firm in a high EV/EBITDA industry is valued at that industry’s norms. 

The same unit of revenue earned by a firm in lower EV/EBITDA industry then is valued at that industry’s norms. At low revenue magnitudes, that makes sense. But when revenue contribution grows in significance, creating a business model that is similar to a conglomerate, then a “sum of the parts”. analysis might be helpful. 

Looking at products rather than industries. If a certain product has a valuation multiple of X, that product should nearly always be valued at the X multiple, no matter what firm in which industry segment earns that unit of revenue. 

source: Corporate Finance Institute

That sort of process is highly useful for evaluating firms such as Amazon, which is a mixture of e-commerce and computing-as-a-service segments, each with distinct growth profiles and valuation metrics. Sum of the parts historically also has been useful when evaluating conglomerates that operate in multiple lines of business. 

Increasingly, with virtualization, that is going to apply to firms in the cloud computing, data center and connectivity businesses as each segment begins to earn revenue in different “industries.”

How Will Connectivity Providers Escape the Commoditization Trap?

“If you look at what we do on a daily basis as it relates to connectivity, that's increasingly getting commoditized,” says Christopher Stansbury, Lumen Technologies EVP. “So that's not an interesting ending to the story.”

Which is why Lumen and just about everyone in the business always talks about, and strives, for “value add.” Here’s the problem: for at least 25 years, industry leaders have been telling that story and trying to execute on the vision. 

One might conclude that nothing really has worked. 

The answer is not simple. Connectivity providers have successfully added new lead revenue drivers. Mobile subscriptions now drive global revenue. Revenue growth often is driven by getting customers to add mobile internet access services; to shift up to more-expensive plans; or do the same with home broadband. 

In past decades, expansion into new geographies has staved off revenue decline, as has asset acquisitions to bolster scale. 

The key point is that the near evaporation of voice revenue was counteracted by shifting to home broadband, video services, mobility services, then mobile internet access, bundling of multiple services and enticing customers to buy more-pricey service plans. 

It is not so clear we would characterize those as “value add” achievements. They are more on the order of creating new products to replace legacy products. That is arguably a bigger achievement than creating more “value add.”

To the extent there are other successes, they mostly might revolve around connectivity providers getting into new lines of business beyond connectivity. Some connectivity providers generate revenue from advertising, data center operations, content ownership or services, banking or payment services, 

“Success” often depends on how one categorizes the value add or “new” revenue sources. Is mobile internet access a new service, or a value add? How about internet of things connections or cell tower backhaul? What about data center operations or cloud computing as a service? 

IoT connections might be viewed as a value add. Data center operations or cloud computing might be better characterized as a new line of business. Mobile internet is a “new” service, but arguably a core business activity, not necessarily a value add or new line of business. 

If one looks at global revenue figures, that observation might be concealed. After all, global growth these days is largely driven by net additions of mobile service accounts, with some contribution from home broadband account growth. 

Globally, IDC sees perhaps two percent annual revenue growth for the global connectivity services market. 

source: IDC 

Most of that growth will come from more mobile service subscriptions, though average revenue per account is an issue. 

source: Omdia 

Account totals will grow, but the problem is that average revenue per account is dropping, and has been almost the entire period during which competition has been encouraged in the connectivity business, starting in some markets in the 1980s. 

All of that is important. “Commoditization,” or at least a trend of lower per-unit prices, is not likely something the industry can escape. But neither has the industry failed to create whole new product categories to replace lost legacy revenue. 

Some have made a business of mobile payments, cloud computing or operating data centers or offering applications (consumer or business), even if global success is uneven. 

We do not yet know how important internet of things, private networks, edge computing, application programming interface revenues or other products will become.