OS Strategy Changes In The Post-PC World

In the older PC business, it made good sense for operating system providers such as Microsoft to avoid competing with its customers. 

So Microsoft did not build its own branded devices. That began to change with the first non-PC computing devices, such as MP3 players and game consoles. 

Some were therefore surprised when Google built its own Nexus smart phone, and then acquired Motorola, thereby becoming a device supplier in its own right. Some were surprised when both Microsoft and Google decided to build and sell their own tablets. 

So what ever happened to the "avoid channel conflict" model? Some would argue that Microsoft and Google want to encourage innovation, and avoid the hardware commoditization process seen in the PC business, where suppliers mostly tried to compete by driving prices lower, rather than by adding value. 

So one way of looking at the changed strategy is that both Microsoft and Google want their respective ecosystem partners to focus more on innovation than price cutting. 

"The message to their device manufacturers is abundantly clear: If you’re not building devices that surpass what we can do ourselves, you’re not adding value," says Tony Costa, Gartner analyst. 

That appears to be another difference between the ways OS suppliers conducted business during the PC era, compared to what they are doing in the post-PC era. 

"Pay Music" Analogy to "Pay TV" Wrong?

The natural analogy for streaming music services, or Sirius XM, for that matter, is that streaming music or Sirius XM is to radio as cable TV is to TV. By that analogy, consumers will prefer the new programming choices the new services offer, in comparison to broadcast radio. But some question whether the analogy is apt. 

“There is a natural ceiling of adoption of the people who are willing to pay $9.99 a month for music they don’t own," says industry analyst Mark Mulligan. 

And that might be a key difference. People never experienced TV as something they owned. TV always was "streamed" or "broadcast." Radio, on the other hand, was a one way people consumed music, the other key mode being packaged prerecorded media (records, then tapes, then CDs, then MP3s). 

Though there was a period in the 1980s and 1990s when it seemed people had significant desire to "own" copies of favorite movies as they were used to owning copies of their favorite songs, that habit has not proven to be a sustained major trend, as sales of DVDs are declining, while sales of Blu-ray discs are not growing fast enough to replace lost DVD sales. 

To be sure, the DVD rental business, and the newer streaming delivery of movie or TV content, is succeeding in a way that the earlier "pay per view" business did not achieve. 

In other words, for historical reasons, people might view the logical consumption modes for TV and music in different ways. To be sure, many skeptics once believed that people would not pay for TV, either. Those skeptics were proved wrong. 

Perhaps the same consumer reluctance will be overcome, and streaming music services will indeed become the "equivalent to cable TV for the radio business." 

"It’s a niche proposition," says Mulligan. "The majority of mass-market consumers are still not interested in that pricepoint.”

Enterprise Videoconferencing Falls for 2nd Consecutive Quarter

For the second consecutive quarter, the global enterprise video conferencing and telepresence market was down, according to Infonetics Research.  Revenue fell six percent to $644 million in the second quarter of 2012, Infonetics reports.

“Economic woes in Europe, declines in public sector spending, and a shift toward lower-priced video conferencing products drove sales of video conferencing and telepresence equipment lower from the year-ago quarter” says Matthias Machowinski, directing analyst for enterprise networks and video at Infonetics Research.

DirecTV Weighs Brazil Telco Buy

DirecTV is one of several companies seeking information to evaluate a bid for Vivendi SA ’s Brazilian phone unit GVT, Bloomberg reports.

DirecTV, the largest U.S. satellite-television provider, is counting on surging demand for video entertainment and Internet service in Latin America as growth subsides in its original U.S. market.

The move would be one more step by DirecTV towards more active involvement in the "triple play" business, which traditionally has favored cable and telco firms able to provide such services. Up to this point, DirecTV has been a provider of TV and broadband access, but the firm has not had an elegant way to provide voice services. 

AT&T "Welcomes" Idea of Spectrum Caps?

You wouldn’t normally expect any market leader to support possible new regulatory action that might actually limit the amount of spectrum, or the types of spectrum, any mobile service provider can own.

But the unexpected AT&T view of the Federal Communications Commission’s intention to review both spectrum holding limits and spectrum quality considerations--essentially “welcoming” such a review could point to an AT&T belief that uncertainty is a bigger problem than spectrum limits.

Also, AT&T could be betting that other competitors will suffer more than it will if new limits on spectrum ownership were to emerge.

Or, some might argue, AT&T simply has decided that confrontation with the FCC has limited utility, at least in this case, the reason being that AT&T itself has a number of important spectrum purchases lined up for FCC approval.

AT&T is attempting to buy about $2.6 billion worth of spectrum to catch up with Verizon Wireless. AT&T has proposed at least 24 deals in the past four months for the rights to spectrum.

Verizon already has won U.S. approval to buy airwave rights from Comcast Corp. and three other cable companies for $3.9 billion.
Many AT&T users might agree that AT&T needs more spectrum, just as Sprint customers using that firm’s 4G network (WiMAX) might complain that performance is slower than it used to be.

AT&T’s plans would boost its most important spectrum holdings by 62 percent in the biggest 100 U.S. markets, according to John Hodulik, a UBS AG analyst.

There’s no question bandwidth demand is growing. The issue is really “how fast?” and “what can be done” to better use existing spectrum resources.

Still, under normal circumstances, one would expect a market leader to oppose the notion that there should be caps on the amount of spectrum any single provider can own. What therefore needs “explanation” is why AT&T would essentially say it welcomes the possibility of such caps.

Many, after all, would argue that control of spectrum is essential for market control. If new competitors cannot get spectrum, they can’t be in the business. On the other hand, such limits are commonplace. U.S. cable operators work under the assumption that no single provider will ever be allowed to gain control of more than 30 percent of U.S. video entertainment customers.

So how does Comcast grow? Comcast sells many other services to a finite number of customers, and then gets into another business, namely programming.

Whether AT&T’s thinking is “merely” tactical (do nothing to impair approval of its immediate spectrum buys) or more long term (sooner or later we will face spectrum caps, but those caps also will affect its major competitors, and there are other sources of business advantage), the apparent lack of resistance to the notion of spectrum caps is unusual.

John Legere Named as CEO of T-Mobile USA

Deutsche Telekom has named John Legere, a 32-year veteran of the U.S. and global telecommunications and technology industries, Chief Executive Officer of its T-Mobile USA business unit, effective September 22, 2012, 

Some might find the T-Mobile choice a bit puzzling, given Legere's prior stewardship of Global Crossing. Some might have expected an executive with deeper experience in mobility, for example. 

Others might note that Legere has experience with enterprise and computing device aspects of the business. Some might point to experience with mergers and acquisitions, in a business rife with competition, as well. 

If you share the opinion that the top end of the U.S. mobile business simply has too many competitors, then both T-Mobile USA and Sprint must be counted as among firms that "must" merge or sell, ultimately. 

Watch video here.

Amazon, eBay, Google, Yahoo, Others Form Internet Association

Amazon.com, AOL, eBay, Expedia, Facebook, Google, IAC, LinkedIn, Monster Worldwide, Rackspace, salesforce.com, TripAdvisor, Yahoo and Zynga have formed The Internet Association, a trade association representing the interests of the application providers.

The organization says it is "dedicated to strengthening and protecting a free and innovative Internet," along with its decentralized architecture. 

Australian National Broadband Plan Doesn't Have Much Room for Error

The latest update of the Australian National Broadband Plan might suggest the financial risks fiber to the home networks represent, even in a scenario where there is a monopoly national wholesale network that sells capacity to all the country’s retail service providers. The plan now envisions a seven percent internal rate of return. 

In other words, it is worth doing, if the underlying assumptions are correct, and IRR winds up being a positive integer, not a negative number. In principle, one might ask whether the opportunity cost is too high (would a higher return be possible from an alternative investment), but that is another issue. 

The obvious danger would arise if the underlying assumptions are mistaken, such as costs being underestimated, or revenue overestimated, and by what magnitude. 

The NBN will build a single national wholesale fiber to the home network between now and 2020, allowing all retail service providers to buy wholesale broadband and voice services.

The latest version of the business plan does suggest that the actual direct financial return from a fiber to home access network, built on a continental scale, is relatively small, at about a seven percent internal rate of return, despite its societal and economic importance.

A reasonable observer might simply note that there is little room for error where it comes to the base assumptions. Lower takes rates, lower average revenue per user or unexpectedly higher operating costs are some of the dangers embodied in the three decade assumptions.

“Pipe” Services Will “Always” Drive Most Service Provider Revenue

Communications service providers dislike the phrase “dumb pipe” for obvious reasons, since it implies–often falsely–that a telecom supplier is “just” a provider of low-value, commodity access services. The notion is partly accurate, but has nothing to do with profit margin on “dumb pipe” services. 

What, after all, is “best effort” Internet access but a “dumb pipe” service? The access is one thing, while nearly all the content and services are provided by third party suppliers. But profit margins on U.S. high-speed access are in the 40-percent range, hardly a low-margin, commodity service.

There are potential issues in the future, if prices and consumption are not better aligned, but service providers already are moving on that front.

Nor are service providers "just" providers of "dumb pipe" access; they also make most of their money on "services" or "applications" delivered over those pipes. In the best example, they use the network and the access to create "voice" service or video entertainment services or messaging. 

And that always will remain the key way to create yet other applications and services that use the network, and access to the network. 

New Wave of Internet Arbitrage Coming?

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) plans to hold a treaty conference, the World Conference on International Telecommunications, in December 2012, which will revise a 1988 treaty, the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITR). At stake are the ways communication network owners compensate each other for terminating international voice calls through the payment of settlements.

But there are wider implications. The ITU proposes to change the way the Internet is governed, in ways that will harm the Internet by raising the cost and complexity of exchanging traffic, Analysys Mason researchers argue. Basically, the ITU wants to create a new Internet traffic “settlements regime” modeled on voice precedents that will be difficult to administer and raise overhead costs.

But there could be other significant effects. First, operators might be induced to maintain their customers‘ websites abroad. One of the significant benefits of establishing an internet exchange point is to make it attractive for domestic websites to be hosted at home, in order to increase their performance and lower costs, Analysys Mason notes.

However, given that foreign websites will generate a source of incoming settlements, the incentive to keep them abroad would increase.

At the same time, foreign operators, in order to compensate for the settlements, would likely raise the price of hosting websites serving countries with high settlement rates, which might lead websites to develop less content targeted at a particular country in order to limit their costs.

While this could be seen to increase the incentives to locate content in the target country in order to avoid settlements, that is often not efficient, particularly for small or undeveloped markets from which access to a regional server may be sufficient, Analysys Mason argues.

In addition, it is likely that infrastructure investment decisions would be affected, as providers would be reluctant to invest in providing infrastructure to a particular country to which it is expensive to deliver traffic. In other words, there will be financial reasons not to build more undersea links to certain countries, for example.

Also, huge volumes of Internet traffic could be artificially generated in order to arbitrage a rate-regulated model, to generate inbound payments, alter traffic balances, or otherwise unfairly leverage any accounting rate regime that may be applied to the Internet.

Entities that believe they would be net recipients of settlements, based on current projections of traffic flows, might find themselves net payers as a result of the manipulation of traffic flows by other players.

In summary, aside from the intrinsic difficulties of successfully imposing regulations on international flows of Internet traffic, there could be unintended consequences that would harm the internet if such a system were imposed.

If history, human nature and self interest  is any guide, some service providers to try and lower settlement payments, while others will attempt to grow their share of settlement payments.

Consider the flows of traffic. The notion of settlements is that a carrier that terminates traffic incurs costs to deliver that traffic. So a sending carrier pays the terminating carrier. In many cases, the traffic flows should largely balance each other, so the net payments are relatively small in magnitude.

But there are scenarios where traffic is unbalanced, and that causes problems. In the voice settlement regime, carriers that accept more traffic than they send wind up paying money. Carriers that send more traffic than they receive make money.

Some of you will remember, or even be able to point to, instances where revenue arbitrage was possible precisely because of such asymmetrical traffic flows. Server farms and “free conference calling services” in the United States provide examples.

In the proposed ITU framework, it is server farm traffic that could be troubling for some carriers.

Multimedia content, for example, might represent as much as 98 percent of Internet traffic. Right now, where those servers are located does not have implications for inter-carrier settlements.

For cost reasons, many of those servers are located in Africa. In 1999, 70 percent of international Internet bandwidth originating in Africa went to the United States. In  2011, less than five percent goes to the United States.  

These days, content is stored at African server farms, for distribution largely to Africa, Analysys Mason notes. In some ways, that is helpful to African consumers, for quality and cost reasons. In other ways, high cross-border charges are unhelpful.

While it is true that IXPs are emerging to facilitate local exchange of traffic in Africa, the cost of cross-border connectivity between many African countries is still quite high, and this is hindering the emergence of regional IXPs to help exchange traffic and distribute content.

The bandwidth from Latin America presents the same broad picture. Between 1999 and 2011, the percentage of bandwidth going to the United States fell from just under 90 percent to 85 percent, replaced by more intra-regional traffic.

The main similarities between Africa and Latin America are that over 80 percent of their Internet bandwidth is connected to another region (Europe and the US respectively). At the same time, little bandwidth goes between countries within the region. Intra-Latin American traffic is 15 percent of total, while intra-African traffic is two percent.

The amount of cost-increasing overhead under any new settlement regime could be significant.
A recent study by the Packet-Clearing House analyzed 142,210 peering agreements representing 86 percent of global Internet carriers and 96 countries.

Only 698 of the peering agreements were based on written contracts, representing just 0.49 percent of all the contracts.

In other words, the vast majority of current international and domestic peering agreements are not just commercially negotiated, but are not even formalized in writing. If Internet settlements mirror voice practices, overall costs will rise, even if traffic flows can be accurately captured most of the time, and some say that will be very difficult.

Analysys Mason argues market-based mechanisms work, and are a better alternative to creating a new settlement regime modeled on voice principles.

Asia-Pacific Service Provider Revenue Will be Driven by Wireless

Telecom service provider retail revenue in the Asia–Pacific region is predicted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of seven percent between 2011 and 2016, according to Analysys Mason. 

But compared to past growth patterns, that growth now is driven by mobile services.

Total telecom service revenue will grow by 29 percent from $229.7 billion in 2011 to $323.7 billion by 2016. But notice the revenue components.

The voice market in the region will continue to be heavily dominated by mobile during the forecast period, with 90 percent of the voice connections being mobile by 2016, up from 84 percent in 2011 and from 73 percent in 2008.

Overall, the number of voice connections in the region will increase by 45 percent, to 3.9 billion connections, with most of this growth coming from China and India.

But average revenue per user is clearly declining. Where ARPU was $10 per month in 2008, by 2011 it had dropped to to $7.40 in 2011, Analysys Mason says. In part, that decline is caused by wide adoption of mobile services by people who spend less than early adopters. In part, the decline is caused by users who carry and use more than a single subscriber information module. Mobile ARPU across emerging APAC markets will average $6.5 by 2016.

Perhaps the most significant implication of the Analysys Mason forecast is that revenue growth now will be driven in the Asia Pacific region by wireless and mobile services.

Over the next five years, the key drivers will be 3G and 4G services, which will account for 46 percent of mobile connections in the region by 2016 and the growing demand for Internet access, driving mobile broadband.

China and India together account for 68 percent of the region’s population, 64 percent of its active mobile SIMs and 75 percent of its total retail telecom revenue. Revenue is heavily skewed towards China, where overall telecom revenue will grow from $138 billion in 2011 to $194 billion in 2016.

Analysys Mason also predicts that active mobile penetration rates in the region will rise to 95
percent by 2016, a 32 percent increase over 2011 levels. The number of active SIMs will increase from 2.33 billion in 2011 to 3.7 billion by 2016 as well.

Mobile and fixed wireless will account for more than a third of broadband connections in the emerging APAC region in 2016, and for the vast majority of connections in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is unavailable.

Harris Interactive to Use Google Consumer Surveys

Market research firm Harris Interactive announced that it is partnering with Google’s recently Google Consumer Surveys to develop and bring to market a new product that allows businesses, both large and small, to compare themselves to industry benchmarks at a fraction of the cost of traditional market research.”  

It appears to offer an expensive new way for smaller businesses to benchmark their business performance against broader norms. 

Is Cloud Computing Market Bigger Than We Thought?

It typically is difficult to estimate the size of a big a new market when that new market essentially cannibalizes existing businesses in the process. Unified communications has been that sort of market, since it logically includes or replaces many other ways of handling communications functions, ranging from fixed or mobile voice to email to messaging, voice mail, “presence” and call handling.

Something like that probably is going to happen with cloud computing. In a sense, cloud computing is part of the next generation of computing architecture. We don’t yet know what this next era will be called, but few question the assumption that cloud computing and mobility will be key foundations of the architecture.

Consider the notion of “business process as a service.” What’s a business process? Business process management is said by IBM to include such functions as:

• Web analytics
• Enterprise marketing management
• Business-to-business integration
• Supply-chain management
• Security governance, risk management and compliance
• Business service management

Others might see other building blocks such as email management, communications management or shopping cart services or catalog processes as similar inputs to create whole business processes.

As those processes all move to cloud delivery mechanisms, the logical question is whether such “outsourced” processes, supported by cloud delivery architectures, are part of the cloud computing business or not.

At some level, the answer has to be “yes.” Think of cloud-supported advertising systems, or retail operations outsourced to Amazon, both key business processes already often supplied to business partners that use cloud computing.

Still, you can see the problem. What counts as a business process “as a service?” Is it only the value of the contract to use a retail checkout system, a catalog or a fulfillment process? Is it partly the value of the transactions, or the value of the products traded?

For any cloud-supported mobile or Internet advertising system, what should be counted? Is it the value of the advertising, or only the commissions an exchange might earn? The same question can be asked for any cloud-based payment system.

The point is that it is possible cloud services markets might be bigger than currently envisioned, only partly depending on “what” gets counted.

The reason is that more and more business processes using software, processing and storage are shifting to cloud mechanisms, even though we traditionally have viewed software delivery, computing resources, storage and development environments are the primary cloud markets

Business process services (also known as business process as a service, or BPaaS, represents the largest segment of what analysts at Gartner now tabulate,  accounting for about 77 percent of the total market, Gartner now argues.

BPaaS is the largest segment primarily because of the inclusion of cloud advertising as a subsegment. But you might also argue that BPaaS is so big because it basically represents a redefinition of the traditional outsourcing business. And that is a larger business than simple computing, storage and applications delivery.

“Businesses that leverage traditional outsourcing deals are looking to move off of inflexible contract and delivery structures,” says Robert McNeill, Saugatuck Technology VP. “Businesses are looking for more flexibility, innovation, and responsiveness from their outsourcers. BPaaS is providing that alternative.”

63% of Australian Samsung Phone Owners Mulling Switch to iPhone 5

A new survey from MobilePhoneFinder.com.au suggests that 62.9 percent of current Samsung phone owners are planning to buy Apple’s latest handset.

Among the close to 1,400 Australians surveyed, 80.6 percent of them said they were planning to purchase the iPhone 5, the study suggests.

The report noted that 64 percent of respondents said they would buy the iPhone 5 on a plan and 59.4 percent indicated they would switch carriers.

U.S. CLEC Business Hasn't Turned Out as Expected

The U.S. competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) business has not worked out as many had expected. Initially, the stand-alone long distance carriers thought the way had been cleared for a re-emergence in the local access business from which they had been barred in 1984, with the divestiture by AT&T of its local facilities, leading to the creation of the Baby Bells. 

For a time, that seemed to be happening. At one time, the two contestants with a majority of market share were AT&T and MCI Communications. 

A 2004 report by Frost and Sullivan noted that a "majority of ILECs' retail access line loss is attributable to two consumer-focused CLECs, AT&T and MCI." You might argue that a subsequent change in wholesale pricing rules then destroyed that business strategy.

Neither firm exists in its former form, as MCI assets now are part of Verizon and AT&T was bought by the former SBC. 

Hundreds of billions of investment capital then flowed to lots of independent competitive firms run by telecom industry executives were seen as the logical beneficiaries. Nearly all of that capital ultimately was lost. 

Cable companies were not widely thought to be the logical winners in the business. 

These days, one might reasonably note that most consumer "CLEC" customers are served by U.S. cable companies, while a number of entities in a fragmented market serve most of the CLEC small business customers, with cable now turning its attention to the small business segment. 


Similar sorts of trends have developed in the broadband access area, where 23 percent of all broadband connections were supplied by cable operators. DSL supplied about 15 percent of total connections. Fiber to the home represented about three percent of lines, while mobile wireless supplied 58 percent of connections, according to the Federal Communications Commission.

Basically, that means cable operators supply about a quarter of broadband connections and mobile service providers almost 60 percent. In other words, broadband access competition comes largely from wireless and cable. 


Of the 146 million U.S. wireline retail local telephone service connections in service in June 2011, about 38 percent were provided by incumbent local exchange carriers, about 26 percent were  ILEC business customers, while 20 percent of lines were supplied by non-ILEC residential service providers, while 16 percent were supplied by non-ILEC business service providers. 

In addition to the cable companies, local telcos also have emerged as significant suppliers in the CLEC business, especially in business customer segments. 


Revenues for U.S. CLECs were forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 26.9 percent to reach $61.1 billion by 2006, Atlantic-ACM forecast in 2001. 

In 2003, The Brattle Group estimated that U.S. CLECs held more than seven percent of the U.S. business market, and nearly 10 percent of the U.S. consumer market. 

Neither of those figures has proven incorrect. A substantial amount of market share and revenue has indeed shifted to new providers. The Federal Communications Commission reported there were more than 206 million broadband access connections in service in mid-2011. 

Assume an average revenue for each of those connections of $40 each (a blended rate assuming $35 for a mobile connection and $50 for a fixed connection, and including both higher-priced business connections and consumer connections). About 81 percent of those connections were supplied by cable or wireless providers. For the sake of argument, assume that every wireless line is functionally a competitor to an incumbent broadband line. 

So 81 percent of 206 million connections would be 166.86 million accounts. At $40 a month, each of those lines might represent $480 a year worth of revenue. That would represent about $80 billion in annual revenue. 

To be more strict, assume only cable modem and a quarter of "ILEC" broadband accounts are counted as "CLEC" revenue, for purposes of estimating CLEC broadband access revenue, eliminating all wireless lines. 

That implies 27 percent of all fixed network broadband lines were supplied by "CLECs." 

Of the 206 million broadband connections, 23 percent are supplied by cable operators and 18 percent are supplied using DSL or fiber to home technologies. That implies 37 million CLEC lines using telco platforms and 47.4 million cable high speed lines. 

Assume 100 percent of the cable modem lines properly are counted as  "CLEC" revenue, at an average of $50 a month. Assume that 20 percent of the DSL or FTTH lines are sold by CLECs at $80 a month. 

That in turn suggests cable CLEC revenue of $28.4 billion and telco platform CLEC revenues of about $35.5 billion annually, for a total of about $35.5 billion in "CLEC" broadband access revenues. 


Assume that the 36 percent of fixed voice lines represent $45 a month in revenue (a conservative estimate including both consumer and business lines). That implies $540 a year in revenue for each line in service.

The FCC says there were 146 million fixed voice lines in service in mid-2011. That would imply 52.6 million "CLEC" lines in service, or $28.4 billion in end user revenues, not including access or other carrier revenues. 

So the "CLEC" revenue stream might be as little as $64 billion a year, or as much as $108.4 billion a year. 

The point is that the overall "CLEC" business is reasonably estimated as being as large as it was earlier seen as becoming. The big difference is the role played by cable operators.