There's dangerous, and then there's dangerous. Shooting the pier is one of those. Huge south swell in southern California in June.
Monday, July 6, 2026
Huge South Swell at Malibu in June
Gary Kim was cited as a global "Power Mobile Influencer" by Forbes, ranked second in the world for coverage of the mobile business, and as a "top 10" telecom analyst. He is a member of Mensa, the international organization for people with IQs in the top two percent.
Value in Technology Value Chains Tends to Migrate to the App Layer
Slow revenue growth and lower average revenue per account are hardly new concerns for suppliers of consumer access services (mobile or fixed).
But we should not be surprised, either.
The rule in technology industries is that economic value tends to migrate upward in the technology stack. Network effects are one reason. But opportunities for customer relationships, loyalty and multiple revenue models also make a big difference.
Asset | Access provider | Application |
Customer relationship | Weak | Strong |
User data | Limited | Extensive |
Workflow integration | None | Deep |
Brand loyalty | Moderate | High |
Network effects | Small | Often enormous |
Pricing flexibility | Low | High |
So in the internet value chain, roughly half of ecosystem revenues accrue to app providers, while access providers (internet service providers, mobile service providers) get between 15 percent and 20 percent.
Value chain layer | Typical participants | Approx. share of ecosystem revenues | Economic characteristics |
User applications & digital services | Google, Meta, Microsoft, Netflix, Salesforce | 45–55% | Highest margins and strongest network effects |
Commerce & digital platforms | Amazon, Uber | 20–25% | Transaction-based economics |
Cloud & enabling services | Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, CDNs | 10–15% | Infrastructure with higher value-added |
Internet access | ISPs, cable, mobile operators | 15–20% | Capital intensive, regulated, slower growth |
Passive infrastructure | Towers, fiber REITs, colocation | 5–10% | Stable but utility-like returns |
The economic principle is simple:
Infrastructure competes on capacity
applications compete on customer outcomes.
Capacity usually becomes abundant, and abundance reduces pricing power. Solutions for customer problems remain “scarce,” in the sense that customers gravitate to a relatively few apps and tend to stick with them over time.
And scarcity supports pricing power.
Economic force | Internet example | AI analogy |
Infrastructure becomes commoditized | Broadband, fiber and mobile access become widely available | GPU clusters eventually become standardized compute utilities |
User attention concentrates | Search, social media, streaming dominate consumer engagement | AI assistants and vertical AI agents become primary interfaces |
Switching costs increase higher in stack | Users stay with Gmail, Office 365, Salesforce—not because of ISP | Users remain with AI workflow platforms because of memory, integrations and data |
Network effects strongest near users | Facebook, YouTube, Amazon Marketplace | OpenAI ecosystem, enterprise agent platforms, developer ecosystems |
Pricing power follows differentiation | ISP sells Mbps; applications sell outcomes | GPU provider sells tokens; applications sell productivity or decisions |
Marginal cost falls faster below than above | Network capacity continually gets cheaper | Compute cost falls faster than value of specialized applications |
In the AI ecosystem, similar value chain effects should happen. Value should accrue heavily at the app layer.
AI layer | Future revenue share | Why |
AI applications and agents | 40–50% | Own workflows and customer relationships |
Vertical enterprise software | 20–25% | Industry-specific solutions |
Foundation model providers | 10–20% | Models become more competitive over time |
AI cloud infrastructure | 10–15% | Compute utility with economies of scale |
Hardware (GPUs, networking) | 5–10% | Hardware normalizes after supply shortages |
Power and facilities | 3–8% | Necessary but infrastructure economics |
Gary Kim was cited as a global "Power Mobile Influencer" by Forbes, ranked second in the world for coverage of the mobile business, and as a "top 10" telecom analyst. He is a member of Mensa, the international organization for people with IQs in the top two percent.
Saturday, July 4, 2026
"We Hold These Truths to be Self-Evident"
* 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.
* 14th Amendment (1868): Established citizenship and guaranteed "equal protection of the laws."
* 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited disenfranchisement based on race, color, or previous servitude.
* 19th Amendment (1920): Extended the right to vote to women.
* 24th Amendment (1964): Eliminated poll taxes that blocked low-income citizens from voting.
* 26th Amendment (1971): Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 during the Vietnam War
* Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations and employment.
* Voting Rights Act of 1965: Banned discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests.
* Fair Housing Act of 1968: Prohibited discrimination in housing rentals, sales, and financing. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
* Rehabilitation Act (1973) & ADA (1990): Mandated equal access and prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities
* Title IX (1972): Guaranteed equal educational and athletic opportunities regardless of sex
* Marriage Equality (2015): The Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the 14th Amendment guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry.
The U.S. Declaration of Independence has been a cornerstone of global human rights, serving as a foundational blueprint for self-government.
Its emphasis on "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" provided a universal rallying cry for liberation and democratic movements worldwide. It directly influenced foundational European texts like France's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
It was the first time a group of colonies successfully used the language of independence to announce their statehood and assert an "equal Station among the Nations". This provided a flexible framework for colonies in the 19th and 20th centuries to break free from imperial rule.
Gary Kim was cited as a global "Power Mobile Influencer" by Forbes, ranked second in the world for coverage of the mobile business, and as a "top 10" telecom analyst. He is a member of Mensa, the international organization for people with IQs in the top two percent.
Friday, July 3, 2026
How Big is SpaceX Addressable Market, Really?
Nobody yet knows the eventual returns from hyperscaler high-performance computing investments, but SpaceX has estimated the artificial intelligence total addressable market at $26.5 trillion.
If that seems questionable, Morgan Stanley projects a $25 trillion market for AI-powered robots alone by 2050.
But such estimates always are contentious, partly because they rely on decades of growth, and the inclusion of many categories of revenue that might also be placed elsewhere.
Consider the range of estimates for the current value of the “internet” ecosystem, which has had nearly three decades to develop.
One of the challenges in estimating the "internet economy" is that there is no universally accepted definition.
Depending on what is included, estimates range from roughly $7 trillion (counting only direct digital-industry revenues) to well over $40 trillion (counting all commerce conducted over internet-enabled channels).
Internet ecosystem segment | Estimated 2026 annual revenue (US$ trillions) | Value Chain Segments | Sources |
Global IT spending | 6.3 | Hardware, software, IT services, communications supporting digital infrastructure | Gartner (Gartner) |
Global telecommunications services | 1.3–1.4 | Fixed and mobile connectivity; largely overlaps Gartner communications services | Gartner (Gartner) |
Public cloud infrastructure (IaaS/PaaS) | 0.4–0.5 | AWS, Azure, Google Cloud and other providers | Gartner forecast and industry estimates (Gartner) |
SaaS / enterprise software | 1.4 | Includes enterprise application and infrastructure software | Gartner (Gartner) |
Digital advertising | 0.7–0.8 | Search, social, retail media, video, display | |
Consumer internet subscriptions | 0.2–0.3 | Streaming, gaming, digital media, subscriptions | Industry estimates |
E-commerce platform revenues (fees, commissions—not merchandise value) | 0.3–0.5 | Amazon Marketplace, Shopify ecosystem, eBay, Alibaba, etc. | Industry estimates |
Digital payments revenues | 0.2–0.3 | Payment processing and fintech platforms | Industry estimates |
Adding these components (while avoiding obvious double counting where possible) suggests a reasonable market of perhaps $7 trillion to $11 trillion.
Definition | Estimated 2026 revenue |
Narrow definition (digital infrastructure, software, cloud, advertising, platforms) | $7–9 trillion |
Broader definition (including telecom and digital media) | $9–11 trillion |
That is still big, but nowhere near the $26 trillion figure. It might be more correct to say that, eventually, AI might be essential for supporting a wide range of economic activities that do range up into double-digit trillions of dollars.
So the SpaceX TAM is to be discounted by perhaps an order of magnitude.
All we can measure, in the near term, is the capital investment and a relatively small, but fast-growing set of revenue streams.
Segment | Revenue / spending level | Growth rate |
Global corporate AI investment | $581.69B in 2025 | +129.9% YoY linkedin |
Global private AI investment | $344.66B in 2025 | +127.5% YoY linkedin |
Generative AI private investment | $170.87B in 2025 | >200% YoY linkedin |
AI infrastructure, models, research, governance funding | $143.22B in 2025 | Steepest growth among focus areas; exact YoY not stated linkedin |
AI software market, worldwide | ~$251B in 2027 | 31.4% CAGR from 2022 to 2027 businesswire |
AI platforms | Noted as one of the largest AI software categories | 35.8% CAGR, 2023–2027 businesswire |
AI applications | Roughly one-third of AI software revenue in 2023 | 21.1% CAGR, 2023–2027 businesswire |
AI systems infrastructure software | Smaller category in 2023 | 32.6% CAGR, 2023–2027 businesswire |
AI application development and deployment software | Smaller category in 2023 | 38.7% CAGR, 2023–2027 businesswire |
Generative AI platforms and applications | $55.7B forecast for 2027 | Forecast only; growth rate not stated in source businesswire |
OpenAI annualized revenue | $25B by early 2026 | Fastest-style scale-up; source describes exponential growth, not a formal CAGR linkedin |
Anthropic annualized revenue | $19B by early 2026 | Fast growth; source describes rapid rise, not a formal CAGR linkedin |
xAI annualized revenue | $428M by early 2026 | Fast growth; source describes rapid rise, not a formal CAGR linkedin |
Mistral AI annualized revenue | $400M by early 2026 | Fast growth; source describes rapid rise, not a formal CAGR linkedin |
But near-term capex will still dwarf revenues.
Gary Kim was cited as a global "Power Mobile Influencer" by Forbes, ranked second in the world for coverage of the mobile business, and as a "top 10" telecom analyst. He is a member of Mensa, the international organization for people with IQs in the top two percent.
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