"Fiber to the Light Pole" Might be the Required Backhaul Network for Millimeter Wave Access Networks

If, as expected, millimeter wave small cells have a transmission radius of about 50 meters (165 feet) to 200 meters (perhaps a tenth of a mile), it is easy to predict that an unusually-dense backhaul network will have to be built (by mobile network standards).

In the past, mobile operators have only required backhaul to macrocells to towers spaced many miles apart. All that changes with new small cell networks built using millimeter wave spectrum (either for 5G mobile or fixed use, or for ISP fixed access).

Keep in mind that street lights are spaced at distances from 100 feet (30.5 meters) to 400 feet (122 meters) on local roads.

As a rough approximation, think of a small cell, in a dense deployment area, spaced at roughly every other street light, up to small cells spaced at about every fourth light pole.

That suggests the sort of dense backhaul network that also will be required. You can argue that a new “fiber to the light pole” network must be built. You can argue that a new mesh backhaul network must be built. You can argue that some other leased backhaul (cable TV network) could be feasible.

In all cases, there are potential business model costs in the backhaul and small cell transmission network that exceed anything engineers have had to design, yet. That is why ots of people now are asking very-practical questions about millimeter wave spectrum and its potential impact on access network business models.

People want to know how far signals will reach, how much rain or snow will affect signal levels, how signals will bend or otherwise get around line of sight issues and how backhaul will be provided.

Impact on the business model for existing and new Internet service providers lies at the heart of those questions. And those are important questions.

With some 29 GHz of new spectrum for communications set for release by the Federal Communications Commission (including 7 GHz or more of unlicensed spectrum, spectrum sharing set to add additional spectrum in the 3.5-GHz band, there are potentially-disruptive changes in network costs, revenues and competition in the works.

What remains unknown is how much propagation distances might change as 28 GHZ is adapted for small cell network architectures, instead of point-to-point links. In an earlier period, reach of 1.5 miles was routine for point-to-point links, and distances up to three to five miles sometimes were possible.

In a new small cell deployment, transmitting at lower power, distances of 1,000 meters (about 0.6 miles) might be possible. Others think reasonable distances will more likely be in the 50 meters to 200 meters range.

Potential bandwidth is among the key differences between bandwidth in the below-6 GHz frequency bands and those millimeter bands in the 24-GHz and higher bands.

Simply, compared to 2-GHz (mobile) or 3.5-GHz signals, potential bandwidth is from five times to an order of magnitude higher. The trade-off is propagation distance.

The bandwidth differences are based on frequency itself: Basically, the waves oscillate between their high and low states much more often as frequency increases. And, in principle, every oscillation is the foundation for representing a physical bit.

On the other hand, as frequency increases, the waves start to act more like particles, in a sense, and are affected by physical objects, which stop them, and by oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere, which absorb them.

Those trade-offs mean it is not easy to model the potential business impact of abundant millimeter wave spectrum on business models.

source: YateBTS

Professor Robert Heath, Jr.

“The beauty of these frequencies is that the new bandwidth they make available is tremendously large,” said Alpaslan Demir, InterDigital principal engineer. “You are talking about Mbps or multiples of- 100 Mbps bandwidths, with up to 2 GHz bandwidths, or multiples of 2 GHz, especially at 70 GHz.”

“The definition of capacity should not be limited to bps/Hz but it should involve space as another dimension,” he also argues. “For example, if there are 50 links deployed over one sq km, each with 10 Gbps over 2 GHz channel bandwidth, then the total capacity can be defined as 500 Gbps/sq km.”

The bottom line for millimeter wave access networks: lots of bandwidth but limited physical reach.

Also, in the U.S. market, 7 GHz of unlicensed spectrum will be released, with obvious impact on the cost of such an access network.

The business model issues, aside from the new small cell radio network, is the requirement for some sort of "fiber to the light pole" backhaul network. It doesn't have to be optical fiber as the physical medium, but tht's the right sort of thinking about the density of a millimeter wave access network backhaul requirement.

As always, cost and revenue will get a hard look. In fact, the ability for a mobile operator to create a new fixed Internet access business--using the same infrastructure required to support mobility services--is one major reason fixed access likely will be a key feature of 5G mobile networks.

New revenue is required to pay for the new dense small cell networks, and cannibalizing fixed Internet access might be one way of doing so.

Prediction: Rural ISP Services Will "Never" Earn a Positive and Direct Financial Return...Really....Never

It always has been difficult to offer the same types and levels of communications and some other services in rural and isolated locations, anywhere around the globe.

The reason mobile networks “solved” the problem of “people not being able to make phone calls” happened because we found a network platform that was less expensive than the fixed networks that were for many decades the only option.

Such platform economics explain why most observers believe mobile will be the platform that finally connects “most people” around the world to the Internet.

But we sometimes are reminded that even in developed countries, rural business cases remain very difficult. That, in fact, is why governments generally subsidize communications services in rural areas.

source: techneconomyblog.com

Less often do we think about the fact that even mobile networks have clear divergences in profitability from place to place. And even a mobile operator does not expect to actually recover costs--much less make an actual profit--from those cells that serve customers in very-rural and isolated areas.

As likely is true in most industries, a disproportionate share of firm profits are generated by a relatively small number of customers, with likely losses among some customer groups.

That is one reason why new developments in access technology and platforms are so important: to sustain high-quality services and build new networks, we constantly must grapple with the likelihood that perhaps as much as half of locations actually are “money losers.”

That poses a key sustainability challenge for any operation that actually has to recover its costs and make enough profits to stay in business. In the mobile business, that “half the network doesn’t make much--if any--money” is a reality.

So if you think about it, that is a key problem for service providers and policymakers who actually want everyone to have Internet access. It might literally be true that most such networks, operating in rural areas with low population density, “will never actually make money.”

Fitzgerald Analytics

If so, only subsidies of one sort or another are going to enable universal Internet access, no matter how good our platforms are improving.

In other words, there might simply not enough demand in many rural areas to support new high-quality Internet access networks. There might not be enough people, willing to pay enough, to actually earn a return on rural access networks.

That doesn’t mean the networks will not be built. It simply means they will be operated at a loss, with subsidies coming from somewhere else. Government support programs likely will play a role. But profits earned in other parts of the ISP’s business are going to be equally--if not more--important.

That is why the business model for Internet access always is a key focus of the Spectrum Futures conference. Here’s a  fact sheet and Spectrum Futures schedule.

RS Fiber Cooperative Bringing Fiber to the Farm

Cooperatives long have been a way rural communities organize themselves to supply electricity or communications to their members. Now more communities might look at cooperatives to build Internet access infrastructure.

With the caveat that for every good public purpose there are corresponding private interests, and with the further caveat that many are skeptical of situations where government entities compete directly with private entities, there are arguably fewer such sharp economic or political objections if the enterprise takes the form of a cooperative.

To be sure, such a capital-intensive endeavor often requires seed funding from local governments able to issue bonds that covered half of the approximately $16 million required for the project’s first phase. So even cooperatives are not free of the criticism that they represent a form of government-subsidized competition.

Still, in principle, non-governmental free associations of citizens should have the right to create cooperatives for electricity or communications. It is not easy, and many similar efforts have failed.

Even if one generally agrees that governments should not provide services that private entities can supply, if customers are not happy, and want to form cooperatives, it is hard to argue they should not have the right to do so. It is quite difficult, and perhaps rarely can happen in a “pure” sense, with no financial support of any sort from any local unit of government.

But it also is hard to argue that allowing multiple forms of competition is a “bad thing,” where it comes to providing high-quality Internet access in hard-to-serve areas where there actually is not a traditional business case.

In fact, that is the whole rationale behind subsidies for providers of telecom service in rural areas, for example. RS Fiber provides an example of a cooperative that is an association of rural cities and towns, not an independent cooperative that might be more palatable to some.

More competition in a competitive industry is rarely welcomed by incumbents. But one way or another, more competition is coming. We haven’t yet seen the full extent of what might be possible.  

Trend Still Holds: U.S. Telecoms Replace 1/2 Their Revenue Sources Every Decade

Some 12 years ago, US mobile data revenues were less than five percent of overall mobile industry revenues. In the second quarter of 2016,  mobile data revenue crossed the 75 percent threshold, according to analyst Chetan Sharma.

That is an important observation for several reasons beyond the obvious importance of mobile data as a revenue source.

As a fundamental analytical principle, I have argued for several decades that service providers must expect to replace half their current revenue about every decade, from new sources.

That has proven true In the U.S. telecom business for several decades, where lead revenue sources have, in fact, been replaced, about every decade.

In 1997 about 16 percent of revenues came from mobility services. In 2007, more than 49 percent of end user revenue came from mobility services, according to Federal Communications Commission data.

Likewise, in 1997 more than 47 percent of revenue came from long distance services. In 2007 just 18 percent of end user revenues came from long distance.

So the latest estimate by Chetan Sharma suggests the process still is at work. In turn, long distance revenue; then mobile; and now mobile data has become the key industry revenue driver.

The question is which new major revenue source will drive the next displacement? One suggestion is that the intense interest in Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communications signals a widespread belief that this is where the big new industry revenue will come from.

Google Suspends Several Google Fiber Builds; Fixed Wireless the Reason?

It is too early for those of us outside Google to figure out what it means that Google Fiber has halted or suspended its plans to build Google Fiber networks in San Jose, Calif., Palo Alto, Calif. and Mountain View, Calif.

The stated reason for the pause is to allow Google Fiber to explore whether fixed wireless is a better option for building those networks. Construction speed and cost as well as lower overall capital investment are potentially major advantages.

Google apparently believes its gigabit speed offer can be offered using fixed wireless, instead of optical fiber.

Some skeptics might argue that the whole purpose of Google Fiber was to goad other competitors into upgrading to gigabit speeds--something that is happening nationally--and never to become a major ISP in its own right.

Whatever the outcome, it now is becoming clearer that physical media choices are increasing, where it comes to gigabit networks. In addition to fiber to the home, cable operators are doing so with their hybrid fiber coax networks, and it now appears fixed wireless and mobile networks (5G) will be able to do so, as well.

To an astounding degree, that is a major change in platform capabilities and potential business models. Until recently, it was generally assumed that only fiber to the home could support commercial and widespread gigabit speeds.

That will be less the case in the coming years, as 5G networks are deployed--in fixed and mobile variants--and as much as 29 GHz of new communications spectrum, including at least 7 GHz of unlicensed spectrum is released for use in the U.S. market.

AT&T says it has achieved speeds up to 14 Gbps using millimeter wave radio in what appears to be a point-to-point application, and speeds up to 5 Gbps to two users, in what appears to be point-to-multipoint application.

That test appears to have used 15-GHz frequencies. AT&T says it now will test propagation at 28 GHz.

Separately, Google has asked the Federal Communications Commission for authorization to conduct radio experiments in the new Citizens Broadband Radio Service  (CBRS) band, at 24 U.S. locations.

That is important for several reasons. First, the CBRS is the first U.S. frequency band to feature shared spectrum access: commercial users and licensed government users will share access to bandwidth.

Second, CBRS will be a major new way for Google--and other ISPs--to provide Internet access services, beyond Google Fiber.

Third, the move suggests the coming important role of fixed wireless in the U.S. ISP business.

Google plans to deploy initially in Atwater, Calif., Mountain View, Calif., Palo Alto, Calif., San Bruno, Calif., San Francisco, San Jose, Calif., Boulder, Colo., Kansas City, Kan., Omaha, Neb., Raleigh, N.C., Provo, Utah, and Reston, Va.

Those locations skew heavily to major urban areas near Google’s headquarters, some sites where Google Fiber already operates, but also some new smaller-market locations.

The initial test locations also indicate Google wants to test interference issues in areas where licensed users are active (coastal regions are issue for some licensees).

Google apparently also is looking at locations where it already operates Google Fiber, potentially adding a new access technology option to the current fiber-to-home approach.

Google says “operations vary from 7 km to 40 km from the geographic center point of each test area.” That implies potential testing of signal propagation and interference testing ranging from four miles to nearly 25 miles.

The test locations are not commercial launch sites, Google says.

AT&T Demos 14 Gbps at 15 GHz

AT&T says it has achieved speeds up to 14 Gbps using millimeter wave radio in what appears to be a point-to-point application, and speeds up to 5 Gbps to two users, in what appears to be point-to-multipoint application.

That test appears to have used 15-GHz frequencies. AT&T says it now will test propagation at 28 GHz.

Separately, Google has asked the Federal Communications Commission for authorization to conduct radio experiments in the new Citizens Broadband Radio Service  (CBRS) band, at 24 U.S. locations.

That is important for several reasons. First, the CBRS is the first U.S. frequency band to feature shared spectrum access: commercial users and licensed government users will share access to bandwidth.

Second, CBRS will be a major new way for Google--and other ISPs--to provide Internet access services, beyond Google Fiber.

Third, the move suggests the coming important role of fixed wireless in the U.S. ISP business.

Google plans to deploy initially in Atwater, Calif., Mountain View, Calif., Palo Alto, Calif., San Bruno, Calif., San Francisco, San Jose, Calif., Boulder, Colo., Kansas City, Kan., Omaha, Neb., Raleigh, N.C., Provo, Utah, and Reston, Va.

Those locations skew heavily to major urban areas near Google’s headquarters, some sites where Google Fiber already operates, but also some new smaller-market locations.

The initial test locations also indicate Google wants to test interference issues in areas where licensed users are active (coastal regions are issue for some licensees).

Google apparently also is looking at locations where it already operates Google Fiber, potentially adding a new access technology option to the current fiber-to-home approach.

Google says “operations vary from 7 km to 40 km from the geographic center point of each test area.” That implies potential testing of signal propagation and interference testing ranging from four miles to nearly 25 miles.

The test locations are not commercial launch sites, Google says.

For Ting, Operating Costs are Key to Business Model

Low overhead, and low operating costs--rather than any special capital investment advantages-- appear to be a key element of the business plan for Tucows mobile and Internet access businesses.

But picking the right market might be even more important. A delay in Google Fiber construction plans in Portland, Ore. might provide an example. Where Google Fiber might once have hoped to be the only provider of gigabit Internet access in Portland, both major suppliers Comcast and CenturyLink already are moving to do so.

No matter how attractive an offer Google Fiber might supply, it could be only the latest of three major ISPs to offer gigabit services in that market.

And that likely will be the case for any successful new facilities-based independent Internet service providers, as well. That has been the case for cable TV operators, who now are the market leaders for high speed Internet access in the U.S. market, and likely is true for Google Fiber.

New gigabit Internet access operations, built using fiber to home network platforms, probably cannot significantly outperform tier-one providers on network build costs. So to make the business case work, assuming use of price discounts as a key marketing tool, other costs must be sharply lower.

In its mobile business, Ting seems able to acquire new customers for less than a $100, far lower than one sees at larger service providers, where costs can range from $300 and up.

For Tucows, that is key, as it does not seem able to build fiber to home networks cheaper than might be expected for a tier-one service provider.

Though it estimates an average cost of $2,500 per customer to build FTTH plant, Ting Internet is spending closer to $3,000 per customer for its Holly Springs, N.C. network.

At an assumed 20 percent take rate in the first year and 50 percent in five years, that implies a per-passing cost of about $600. That is within the range of current FTTH network build costs, though arguably not including activation costs.

And, so far, Tucows seems to generating gross margin for network access of 48 percent. And, in large part, that seems to be the result of lower operating costs. Some telcos have operating costs in the 60-percent range.

As a percentage of revenue, total operating expenses were down about 0.5 percentage point to 20.4 percent,  compared to a year ago, Tucows says.

At the same time, the major carrier price reductions for mobile data have narrowed Ting’s competitive positioning. “Over the past couple of years as the carriers have reduced data prices, we have clearly lost some of our competitive positioning,” said Elliot Noss, Tucows CEO.

That further emphasizes the key role played by operating costs in the business model. Ting operates with lower retail prices and typical capital investment. Only in the marketing and other operating parts of its business can Ting gain advantages.

Amazon Web Services Chooses to Build Rather than Buy

Amazon has become a part owner of a new trans-Pacific submarine cable network intended to connect data centers in the United States, New Zealand and Australia.

When the Hawaiki Submarine Cable comes online in 2018, it will provide considerably more bandwidth between the US, Australia, and New Zealand than available today, and is expected to lower Amazon Web Services transmission costs.

Otherwise, on those routes, AWS would be buying capacity from Telstra Endeavour and Southern Cross Cable Network.

Enterprises often have “build versus buy” choices where it comes to communications infrastructure.

Very-small firms might always find that buying communications services makes more sense than building and owning infrastructure. Think of phone systems. Still, at some point, owning a phone system is cost neutral.

For large enterprises, owning phone systems traditionally has been cheaper than leasing services from telecom providers.

Since the 1980s, U.S. enterprises seemingly have vacillated between building their own private networks and leasing capacity from telecom service providers. Of course, cloud services providers have unusually important connectivity requirements, making a “build” strategy more valuable. That is why Google, AWS and Microsoft operate their own data centers, for example.

In the era of cloud services, at least some enterprises are finding that owning and operating their own infrastructure is, in substantial part, a reasonable approach.

Price Controls on Special Access Will Depress Optical Facilities Investment in Rural Areas, Economist Argues

Price controls on special access services  likely would depress investment in new optical facilities for business customers in rural areas of the United States, says James E. Prieger Professor of Economics and Public Policy Pepperdine University School of Public Policy.

In some cases, price controls would reduce retail prices as much as 22 percent to 32 percent, FCC economists have predicted.

Dr. Hal Singer argues that a 30 percent decline in revenue from extending special access regulations to ILECs’ fiber networks would lead to an estimated 55 percent decline in investment in business broadband, for example.

Special access is a product no different than rental apartments, in one clear sense. Rent control policies do keep retail prices low, but also are a deterrent to construction of new affordable housing.

Most-if not all--economists would agree, based on principle and historical behavior of firms in competitive markets with price controls, that price controls will reduce investment.

That might be good for renters occupying price controlled apartments. But new affordable rental housing is discouraged. In fact, even routine maintenance on a rent-controlled unit will fall.

Special access service is based on legacy circuit switched network technology destined to be replaced by Ethernet-based services. So no large service provider has much incentive to invest heavily in additional special access facilities, compared to Ethernet networks, under the best of circumstances.

At the same time, lower potential profit also will deter potential competitors from investing in their own facilities. In substantial part, the same business case issues that make additional special access investment unattractive for tier-one providers also will apply to would-be facilities-based providers as well.

As always is the case, abnormally high profits create incentives for new entrants to enter a market. Low profits are a discouragement.

Price controls, as always, will depress potential return from new special access facilities even further. The business case, as always, is tougher in rural areas than in urban areas.

WOW Launching Gigabit Internet Access Services

WOW! Internet, Cable & Phone, a provider of triple play services, is launching broadband speeds up to one gigabit per second in five U.S. markets by the end of 2016.

The rollout will provide gigabit speeds to thousands of residential and business customers in Huntsville and Auburn, AL; Evansville, IN; Knoxville, TN; and Grosse Pointe Shores, MI.

In Evansville and Auburn, the firm  will be the first service provider to bring residents and small businesses the new gigabit service. It might be noteworthy that the gigabit launch is supplied both by hybrid fiber coax and fiber to home facilities.

These days, in the fixed network Internet access market, access platform matters less than headline speed.

The company provides Internet access and triple play service in 20 markets, primarily in the Midwest and Southeast, including Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kansas, Maryland, Alabama, Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida and Georgia.

At December 31, 2015, the firm’s networks passed three million homes and served 778,000 total customers, reflecting a total customer penetration rate of 26 percent.

The company typically operates in affluent suburban communities and have a customer base with income levels above the national average, the company says.

Few U.S. Business ISP Customers Would Recommend That Others Buy Their Chosen Services

source: PC Magazine

“Value” is what buyers say it is, despite all efforts by suppliers to define and shape perceptions of product value. So customer surveys often are important measures of value perceptions. One recent survey of business customers of Internet service providers found RCN and Verizon FiOS at the top of the rankings, Charter Communications ranked above average but all other surveyed major providers below average among business customers.

For those who rely on “net promoter scores” (a measure of customer loyalty based on the answer to a single question: “How likely is it that you would recommend our company/product/service to a friend or colleague?”), the results are consistent with overall rankings.

RCN and Verizon are at the top; Charter and Cox Communications are in positive territory, but all others have negative net promoter scores.

The “likelihood to recommend” scores for U-Verse, TWC, Comcast, and CenturyLink are all so low that the resulting Net Promoter Scores are all negative numbers.

Broadly, those rankings are consistent with polls of consumer satisfaction with U.S. Internet service providers. According to the American Consumer Satisfaction Index, Verizon is significantly ahead of other providers.

So far, no major entity seems to track Google Fiber performance as a routine part of such indices, so it impossible to say how consumers rank Google Fiber.

But the ISP industry is the lowest-ranked industry studied as part of the ACSI program. Linear TV fares only slightly better than the ISP industry.

U.S. Internet Speeds up 42% Year Over Year

The internet in the United States has gotten significantly faster in 2016, according to Speedtest.

But speeds should grow even more over the next couple of years, as more consumers are able to buy services at gigabit speeds from a number of providers, and more consumers opt to buy services operating at several hundred megabits per second.

The typical U.S. fixed broadband consumer saw average download speeds greater than 50 Mbps for the first time ever during the first six months of 2016, topping out at 54.97 Mbps in June 2016.

That represents a 42 percent increase in download speed year-over-year. Upload speed improved by over 50 percent since last year, with the average consumer having upload speed of 18.88 Mbps.

Mobile Internet customers have also seen performance gains, improving by more than 30 percent since 2015 with an average download speed of 19.27 Mbps in the first six months of 2016.

Also, access medium is becoming less directly connected with speed. Cable TV hybrid fiber coax networks, for example, lead most other networks, including some fiber to home networks, for speed. Over time, mobile and fixed wireless networks also will reach into gigabit ranges, further severing the connection between physical media and top speeds.

source: Speedtest

Moving up the Stack, or Across the Value Chain: Difficult, but Perhaps Not Impossible for Telcos

The telecommunications business is harder than it used to be, but not only because competition now is the rule. The emergence of the Internet means the access and transport functions are only a part of a bigger ecosystem. That is as true for the “smart cities” ecosystem as for the content ecosystem.

As consultants at PwC point out, in the smart cities as in content or other Internet ecosystems, telcos and access providers operate in the “network” part of the full value chain. But most of the value will come elsewhere, from services and apps able to provide the intelligence and control for processes that modify real-world activities.

That is why moving up the value chain is so important, and why many access providers are investing in Internet of Things, machine-to-machine communications and industrial Internet, if rather cautiously.

That might not be a bad thing. As crucial as IoT appears to be for future revenue growth, telcos do not have stellar records where it comes to buying their way into new lines of business, with a few clear exceptions.

Not all telcos were bullish about mobile services from the start. In fact, one can argue that the large U.S. telcos bought their way in to a mobile business lead by other firms.

Perhaps we already can say, or will say in the future, that movement into video entertainment was one of the obvious successes.

Not an immediate success, however. Most do not now remember that AT&T once owned the biggest U.S. cable TV firm, Tele-communications Inc. as well as MediaOne, the cable TV unit once owned by USWest (now part of CenturyLink), before selling the assets to Comcast.

Even longer ago, almost nobody remembers that AT&T own owned NCR, a computing firm, as well as the assets of Teradata, a data warehouse specialist.

More recently, many telcos have moved into the data center business, with mixed results.

source: PwC

The point is that very-large firms tend to have trouble “innovating.” Tier-one telcos are large firms.

But even telcos--despite many failures--managed to create significant new businesses in mobile and video entertainment.

There are no guarantees. But success--even huge success--cannot be ruled out where it comes to IoT, M2M, connected cars or other lines of business.

In both mobile and entertainment video businesses, telcos operate at the app layer, with “access” simply an input to the business. It is not impossible that could happen in other new lines of business.