Thursday, July 27, 2023

Density Matters When Building Networks

Many cross-national studies suggest digital infra costs for access networks are higher than typical in the U.S. market. As always, there are reasons. Networks covering only dense cities require less capital, overall, than networks covering large or continent-sized countries. 


Networks covering largely rural areas cost far more than networks mostly covering urban areas, as the cost of a mile of infra varies inversely with population and housing density. 


Population Density

Cost per Mile

Urban (>10,000 people per square mile)

$60,000-$80,000

Suburban (2,500-10,000 people per square mile)

$75,000-$100,000

Rural (250-2,500 people per square mile)

$100,000-$125,000

Highly Rural (<250 people per square mile)

$125,000-$150,000


City states have the highest density. Other countries such as Australia and Canada have very low densities. Density can vary by five orders of magnitude. One also has to correct for currency and cost-of-living metrics between countries as well.


Country

Population Density (people per square kilometer)

Macao (China)

21,338

Monaco

17,285

Singapore

8,251

Hong Kong (China)

6,725

Gibraltar (UK)

4,807

Bahrain

1,909

Maldives

1,746

Bangladesh

1,330

India

425

China

150

United States

33.9

Canada

4.1

Australia

3.2

United Kingdom

277

France

122

Germany

233

South Africa

55

Malaysia

95

Thailand

75

Nigeria

222

Saudi Arabia

16



Monday, July 24, 2023

If You Had a Choice, Which of These Other Debt-Reliant Industries Would You Prefer to Work In?

If you had a choice, would you rather operate in the connectivity service provider, passenger airline, banking, pharma or retail industries. That actually is a better way of describing possible preferences among industries that require lots of debt, rather than comparing such industries to capital-light industries such as software. 


Connectivity service providers are fond of comparing themselves to app providers, but that is not so instructive. The better comparison is with other industries that require lots of capital. Looked at that way, connectivity service provider businesses do not fare unfavorably. 


Sure, debt is always a key issue for the capital-intensive connectivity industry. But some other industries also face similar capital intensity or borrowing-intensive business models. So telcos are not unique in requiring debt management skill. Nor are telcos and connectivity providers unusually challenged, compared to many other industries that also require lots of debt issuance. 


Company

Debt ($B USD)

Debt to Equity Ratio

Debt to EBITDA Ratio

Debt to Revenue Ratio

Debt to Cash Flow Ratio

AT&T

175.2

1.3

1.7

0.4

0.9

Verizon

156.8

1.2

1.5

0.4

0.8

China Mobile

180.8

1.1

1.4

0.3

0.7

NTT

129.6

1.0

1.2

0.2

0.6

Deutsche Telekom

115.2

0.9

1.1

0.2

0.5

Orange

76.8

0.7

0.9

0.2

0.4

BT Group

67.2

0.6

0.8

0.2

0.3

Singtel

57.6

0.5

0.7

0.1

0.3

SoftBank

56.0

0.5

0.7

0.1

0.2

America Movil

50.4

0.4

0.6

0.1

0.2

Telefonica

48.0

0.4

0.5

0.1

0.2


Granted, connectivity networks are capital intensive. But some other industries also are capital intensive, while some are far less capital intensive (such as software). 


Industry

Debt to Equity Ratio

Debt to EBITDA Ratio

Debt to Revenue Ratio

Debt to Cash Flow Ratio

Telecommunications

0.9

1.1

0.2

0.5

Airlines

2.0

2.5

0.5

1.0

Banks

1.5

1.8

0.4

0.8

Retailers

1.0

1.2

0.2

0.5

Pharma

0.6

0.8

0.1

0.3

Meta

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.3

Apple

0.3

0.4

0.05

0.2

Alphabet

0.2

0.3

0.05

0.1

Microsoft

0.1

0.2

0.03

0.1


Revenue and cash flow, in relation to debt burdens, is what matters.


D-Day Plus 81

Some things should not be forgotten.  D-Day, 81 years ago  is among them.