Saturday, October 21, 2023

Debt, Not Strategy, Often is the Telco Problem

The conventional wisdom is that AT&T and Verizon should never have ventured into the subscription video business or content ownership in general. Perhaps more to the point, neither firm should have taken on so much debt to acquire content assets. 


Similarly, many mobile operators got into financial difficulties in the 3G era by overpaying for spectrum assets.


In other words, the problem is debt load, not the strategy. Lots of telcos and service providers globally are in the subscription video business, and all are profitable. Beyond that, executives believe their bundled video offers help with customer acquisition, reduce churn and boost cash flow and overall profits.


The problem AT&T has had a few times in the past is making acquisitions that required assumption of excessive debt. It was the debt, not necessarily the strategy, that proved to be a mistake. When long-distance providers MCI and AT&T was casting about for a strategy to enter the local access business at scale after deregulation, AT&T decided to acquire and then upgrade cable TV assets.


Given the success cable TV companies have had in the home broadband market, the strategy was rational. The issue was simply that AT&T took on $64 billion in debt to acquire Tele-Communications Inc. in 1998, and then another $54 billion in 1999 to acquire MediaOne.


You might wonder why AT&T did not simply embark on a massive fiber to home building plan. The reason is simple: it did not have time to do so.

If any of us were asked whether AT&T could afford to build a national FTTH network--within 10 years--we would rightly doubt it was possible. Even if it had the money, it did not have the time.

No single firm could afford to spend $300 billion over 10 years to connect even 100 million homes, which is the scale of the problem AT&T faced. 
And even if it had the money, AT&T did not have the time. 


At a high level, growth by acquisition has generally worked for telcos when using their own currency (stock) to purchase similarly-valued telco assets. Generally speaking, many telcos have gotten into trouble when using debt to fuel such acquisitions.


Acquisition Target

Acquisition Amount (USD billions)

P/E Multiple Paid

Financing

Acquisition Type

Sprint (by T-Mobile US)

26.5

10.4

Debt

Telco

T-Mobile US (by Deutsche Telekom)

31

11.2

Debt

Telco

DirecTV (by AT&T)

67.1

9.8

$67.1 billion. $48.5 billion debt.


Telco

Time Warner (by AT&T)

85.4

12.3

$85.4 billion. $45 billion debt.


Content

HBO Max (by Warner Bros. Discovery)

43

10.1

Debt

Content

Crunchyroll (by Sony Group)

1.2

15.2

Equity

Content

TCI acquired by AT&T

64


$48 billion stock, $16 billion debt

Telco

MediaOne acquired by AT&T

54


Equity

Telco

WhatsApp (by Facebook)

19

10.2

Equity

Application

Instagram (by Facebook)

1

12.0

Equity

Application

LinkedIn (by Microsoft)

26.2

14.5

Equity

Platform


But globally, many tier-one telcos do provide subscription video services and own content assets. 


We might debate the revenue or profit margins such efforts produce. But it is hard to escape the conclusion that it is debt burdens, more than anything else, that have proved troublesome for AT&T and Verizon in content-related businesses. 


Estimates of revenues and profit margins sometimes have to be inferred, but, generally speaking, video services generate five-percent to 15-percent profit margins for telcos. 


Firm

Video Service

Revenue (USD billions)

Profit Margin (%)

Comcast

Linear TV

29.0

20.0

Comcast

Peacock

8.0

10.0

AT&T

AT&T TV

4.0

5.0

Verizon

Fios TV

3.0

10.0

Orange

OCS

2.0

15.0

Vodafone

Sky TV

1.5

10.0

Telefónica

Movistar+

1.0

5.0

China Mobile

Migu Video

0.8

15.0

China Unicom

Wo+

0.7

10.0

China Telecom

Tianyi TV

0.6

5.0

SK Telecom

Wavve

0.5

15.0

KT Corporation

Olleh TV

0.4

10.0

LG Uplus

U+ TV

0.3

5.0

Deutsche Telekom

MagentaTV

0.2

15.0

Telefónica Deutschland

O2 TV

0.1

10.0

Altice USA

Optimum TV

0.1

5.0


Likewise, many telcos own content assets, in addition to selling video subscriptions. 


Firm

Subscription Video Service

Content Assets Owned

Comcast

Peacock

NBCUniversal

Orange

OCS

Orange Studio

Vodafone

Sky TV

Sky Studios

Telefónica

Movistar+

Telefónica Studios

China Mobile

Migu Video

China Mobile Migu

China Unicom

Wo+

China Unicom Wo+

China Telecom

Tianyi TV

Tianyi TV

SK Telecom

Wavve

SK Planet

KT Corporation

Olleh TV

KT Corporation

LG Uplus

U+ TV

LG Uplus


No comments:

Have LLMs Hit an Improvement Wall, or Not?

Some might argue it is way too early to worry about a slowdown in large language model performance improvement rates . But some already voic...