10 Gbps Per User? Yes, Say 5G Backers

If fifth generation mobile networks supply 10 Gbps of bandwidth for every user or device, then even using all other available techniques--multiple input, multiple output radios, directional and phased array antennas, beamforming, ultra-dense small cell networks, better semiconductor technology, signal polarization and dynamic spectrum access--lot of new spectrum will be required.

Early discussion of which bands in the millimeter wave band (3 GHz to 300 GHz) will happen at this year’s World Radiocommunications Conference.

To give you some idea of what eventually will happen, the regional allocation for mobile services now is about 500 MHz, in total. For 5G, allocations are expected to be in the 10 GHz range. In other words, two orders of magnitude more bandwidth is expected to be allocated, but most of the growth will come from use of small cell architectures.

Some think as much as two orders of magnitude effective spectrum use will come from small cell architectures, about 20 times improvement from additional spectrum and maybe twice as much effective use will come from all the improvements made possible by Moore’s Law.

But there is lots of room for surprise. Some think the present limit of about two bits per Hertz of bandwidth could grow to 10 bits per Hertz or even 30 bits per Hertz, effectively. That would be a stunning advance, indeed.

   source: Keysight Technologies

In that regard, Ofcom, the U.K. communications regulator, has identified the millimeter wave bands it believes are best for fifth generation (5G) networks, and especially suitable for early discussion at the upcoming World Radio Conference.

“Our preliminary view is that the frequency bands 10.125 to 10.225; 10.475 to 10.575 GHz; 31.8 to  33.4 GHz; 40.5 to 43.5 GHz; 45.5 to 48.9 GHz and 66 to 71 GHz should be considered for study under a focussed agenda item on 5G mobile broadband for WRC-19,” Ofcom said.

At the moment, Ofcom says, there is general consensus that immediate efforts should be focused on additional spectrum below 100 GHz. Satellite interests generally argued that new allocations should be made at above 30 GHz, to avoid interference with existing satellite operations.

“We think these bands may be relatively straightforward to make available in the UK

compared to other options within the range 6 to 100 GHz...and could have potential for being harmonised and developed for future 5G use globally,” Ofcom said.

Spectrum adjacent to these bands, such as around 10 GHz, 43.5 to 45.5 GHz and 71 to 76 GHz and 81 to 86 GHz also are worth examining, Ofcom said.

To give you some idea of how much spectrum might be feasible, consider that Ofcom said

“it is particularly difficult to identify bandwidths of least 1 GHz below 30 GHz taking

account of incumbent use of these bands.” In other words, Ofcom is looking, ideally, at allocations of at least 1,000 MHz per band.  

Ofcom also points out that several different technology solutions will help enable use of spectrum above 6 GHz to enable 5G.

Those solutions include  massive multiple input, multiple output radios, directional and phased array antennas, beamforming, ultra-dense small cell networks, better semiconductor technology, signal polarization and dynamic spectrum access.

source: Ofcom

Commercial Project Loon Service in 2015 or 2016?

Some time in 2015 or 2016, if all goes according to plan, Google believes it will be able to create a continuous, 50-mile-wide ring of Internet service around the globe, initially focusing on potential customers across southern Africa, southern Australia, New Zealand and southern Latin America, and supplied by Project Loon, the constellation of planned unmanned balloons.  

The general plan seems to be to pioneer LTE service acorss relatively sparse areas before expanding to more-populous areas.

Google estimates the cost of coverage to be an order of magnitude less than building a network of cell towers to provide equivalent coverage.

Although Project Loon initially tested Wi-Fi as the communications protocol, it has since switched to Long Term Evolution, making mobile service providers logical partners.

Google says it can now deliver data at 5 Mbps to mobile phones, or 22 Mbps to fixed antennas.

Regulators Cannot See the Future, But Still Have to Try

Regulators cannot foresee the future: they have to do the best they can, without knowing how the economic context surrounding the industries they regulate will change.

So it is not surprising that it sometimes is said that regulators are “behind the market,” or “behind the technology,” no matter how hard they try to stay current.

A couple of recent developments illustrate the problem. In the U.S. market, where Comcast wants to acquire Time Warner Cable, Comcast has proposed concessions to keep its video market share at 30 percent, the traditional level of market share beyond which market concentration and antitrust issues are raised.

Some argue that is the wrong test. Combining the nation’s two largest cable and Internet providers would create a company with 57 percent share of the market for high speed access service, now defined by the FCC as 25 Mbps or higher.

That matters because the linear video business widely is viewed to be under threat, while high speed access has emerged as the key or strategic service for any access provider.

In other words, if the video business is declining, it makes little sense to worry too much about market share in that business. If, on the other hand, high speed access now is the crucial service, it makes lots of sense to watch market share developments for that product.

To be sure, “defining the market” always is a key premise and assumption. In this case, one might argue it is video, voice, Internet access or triple play services that constitute the relevant market. Some might argue the market is “fixed network” services only, while others might look at all providers--whether mobile or fixed.

Regulators have been surprised before by fundamental changes in markets. In the period leading up to passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the thinking was that the relevant market was fixed network voice.

Within four years, the voice market peaked, and has declined steadily ever since. Instead, it was the Internet, and services, business models and apps based on the Internet, that has become strategic.

To a significant extent, U.S. antitrust regulators have to make choices about what drives future competition: video or high speed access?

European Union regulators face a related problem: namely perceived Google dominance of the search market, and possibly the mobile operating system market as well.

Some of us would say Google’s search market share is a  trailing indicator, not a leading indicator.

In other words, as was the case earlier when Microsoft was similarly investigated and fined, action assumed a linear continuation of alleged market dominance, instead of a market that already was peaking and headed for massive change.

In other words, a shift is likely already to be underway, rendering the danger of Google antitrust danger quite moot.

Whether the relationship was causal or simply correlated, the decade-ago investigation by the EU of Microsoft’s similar antitrust threat coincided with the emergence of a new era of computing, and computing industry leadership.

The problem faced by regulators and business leaders often is that strategies deemed vital at one moment in time can seem almost irrelevant a decade later.

Consider the launch of the Android mobile operating system by Google, seen in 2005 as an insurance policy against complete dominance in the mobile realm by Microsoft, with the danger that could pose for Google apps on mobile devices.

That was before the emergence of the Apple iPhone. A decade later, the strategic rationale arguably no longer has such potency. For starters, Microsoft Mobile is not a huge factor. Nor has Android proved to be the boon many might have expected. Android doesn’t directly generate revenue for Google, and “forked” versions of Android even are proving to be the foundation for new rival ecosystems (Amazon now, and possibly Microsoft and others in the future).

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 likewise was the first major revision of the Communications Act of 1934. Aiming to introduce competition in the telecommunications market, the Act focused on enabling voice competition.

More than a decade later, it is clear what really happened. Voice was about to reach its peak of adoption in 2000, to begin a steady decline. The Internet, meanwhile, emerged as the vital source of telecommunications-delivered applications and value.

The Act made sense at the time. But policymakers could not have foreseen the maturation of voice and its replacement by Internet apps as the source of innovation and growth.  

It is very hard to make the right strategic decisions today, and have them remain relevant after a decade. Both the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and launch of Android were aimed at problems that did not materialize, or arose from unexpected directions.

Google Project Loon Now Can Mass Produce Internet Balloons: Launch Coming?

Google "Project Loon," the anticipated effort to launch a constellation of unmanned balloons able to provide Internet access across the global south, now is able to mass produce the balloons in a matter of hours, where it once took three to four days to make a single balloon. 

That sounds like Porject Loon getting ready to launch a full constellation. 

With a few new low earth orbit satellite constellations also preparing to launch in coming years, competition in the Internet access business is heating up in a profound way, posing a challenge to mobile operators who once were thought to be the logical suppliers of Internet access across much of the global south. 

Still, Project Loon appears to be testing the use of mobile Long Term Evolution cell towers for backhaul. At the very least, Project Loon, in a commercial phase, could be a wholesale customer for many mobile service providers across the global south. 

Conversely, Project Loon could be a wholesale provider to mobile service providers, who would use the constellation to provide branded retail Internet access service. 

Android, Telecom Act of 1996 Were Misplaced, as it Turns Out

The problem faced by regulators and business leaders often is that strategies deemed vital at one moment in time can seem almost irrelevant a decade later.

Consider the launch of the Android mobile operating system by Google, seen in 2005 as an insurance policy against complete dominance in the mobile realm by Microsoft, with the danger that could pose for Google apps on mobile devices.

That was before the emergence of the Apple iPhone. A decade later, the strategic rationale arguably no longer has such potency. For starters, Microsoft Mobile is not a huge factor. Nor has Android proved to be the boon many might have expected. Android doesn’t directly generate revenue for Google, and “forked” versions of Android even are proving to be the foundation for new rival ecosystems (Amazon now, and possibly Microsoft and others in the future).

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 likewise was the first major revision of the Communications Act of 1934. Aiming to introduce competition in the telecommunications market, the Act focused on enabling voice competition.

More than a decade later, it is clear what really happened. Voice was about to reach its peak of adoption in 2000, to begin a steady decline. The Internet, meanwhile, emerged as the vital source of telecommunications-delivered applications and value.

The Act made sense at the time. But policymakers could not have foreseen the maturation of voice and its replacement by Internet apps as the source of innovation and growth.  

It is very hard to make the right strategic decisions today, and have them remain relevant after a decade. Both the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and launch of Android were aimed at problems that did not materialize, or arose from unexpected directions.

Comcast Shows Moore's Law Applies in Internet Access Business

Comcast has been doubling the capacity of its access network every 18 months, precisely what one would expect from any product based on Moore’s Law.

The latest move is an upgrade of the entire Comcast residential footprint to 1 Gbps by the end of 2015, with 2 Gbps service available to about 86 percent of locations.

The thing about Moore’s Law, and any product built in part on Moore’s Law, is that the benefits flow broadly across the full range of use cases, and are not restricted to the headline improvements.

In other words, the fact that a given level of memory or processing doubles, but can be purchased at the same price, also means performance and price relationships are enhanced across the full range of processors and memory, below the headline figure.

That is the case for Comcast’s Internet access services, not scheduled to be upgraded to 1 Gbps across the full footprint, while 86 percent of locations are upgraded to a symmetrical 2 Gbps capability, by the end of 2015.

Though the “headline” is the boost in top marketed speeds to 2 Gbps, most consumers will  benefit because the speeds they actually buy are boosted, for no extra price.

That, more than the upgrade to 1 Gbps or 2 Gbps, symmetrical, is where the impact mostly will occur.

Comcast is launching “Extreme 250,” a new 250 Mbps Internet speed tier for California customers, but also boosting the “Performance” tier from 50 Mbps to 75 Mbps and its Blast tier from 105 Mbps to 150 Mbps, both at no additional cost to customers.  These changes will go into effect starting in May 2015.

Oddly enough, most consumers will not be able to detect the changes, the simple reason being that, beyond about 10 Mbps to 15 Mbps per user, the fundamental constraints on experience lie with the far-end servers, not the local access pipe.

Gigabit speeds will not--by itself--improve user experience, in other words.  After about 10 Mbps, no single user is likely to see much improvement, if at all, in page load times, for example.

The U.S. Federal Communications Commission and U.K. Ofcom agree: beyond 10 Mbps per user, experience is not measurably improved--if at all--by faster Internet access speeds.

Instead, latency is becoming the key experience limitation.

Still, the primary “benefits” of gigabit or 2 Gbps speeds will be “seen” (in terms of marketing message) at the lower speed tiers up to 150 Mbps, which users will get at no extra charge, and which are the tiers of service most people now buy.

That is as much a Moore’s Law impact as the headline speed.  

Cut Fees to Spur Investment, India's Telecom Regulatory Authority Says

Lower the price of some desired product and consumer will buy more; raise the prices and consumers will buy less. That is the economic logic behind zero rating of apps and government taxation and fee policies as well.

So barring zero rating and sponsored apps will reduce demand and usage of the Internet. Likewise, limiting licensing fees for fixed network infrastructure will spur investment in facilities.

In fact, lower prices undoubtedly already have boosted high speed access adoption in India. Entry level tariffs for broadband services have dropped “drastically” (an order of magnitude, or 10 times) from Rs. 1500 per month (US$24) in 2004 to around Rs.500 a month (US$8) in 2014.

Most service providers charge a monthly rental between Rs.200 (US$3) to Rs.1600 (US$26) for a broadband connection (depending on speed), TRAI says.

In an effort to spur adoption by customers and investment by suppliers, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has asked the government to exempt fixed line broadband service from license fees for at least five years. That would have the effect of stimulating consumption by enabling lower prices.

But there are other obstacles as well. In a discussion of delivering broadband quickly, TRAI noted that “right of way” charges are the “single biggest impediment to the adoption of wire line technology for access networks.”

Also, “civic authorities have imposed stringent punishment on the erection of towers.”

In other cases, the time required to process applications is an issue. “Procurement of satellite capacity on foreign satellites through Department of Space (DoS) often results in long delay and increase in prices due to some process flaws,” said TRAI.

Similar bureaucratic issues surround the Bharat Braodband Network Limited (BBNL), the entity  set up by the Government of India to create a National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN).

TRAI also recommends allowing cable TV operators to provide high speed access. There are some 97 million Indian homes connected to cable TV networks, and a great proportion of those homes are in rural areas most in need of high speed access.

Perhaps 24 million of those homes are served by networks capable of supporting data services, TRAI estimates. It is possible the incremental cost of upgrading for 50 Mbps could be as low as Rs. 12,500 (US$200).

At least at the margin, the costs of deploying fixed network infrastructure are aided if licenses, permits and other processes are streamlined.

The "cost of laying fiber in some cities is as high as Rs 1.92 crore (about US$308,000 million per kilometer or $493,000 per mile) for a kilometer apart from cost of fiber,” said TRAI Chairman Rahul Khullar. “The fiber itself costs Rs 65,000 a kilometer (about US$1039 per kilometer, or $1662 per mile).”

“This issue needs to be resolved otherwise who will lay fiber," Khullar said.

source: TRAI

source: TRAI

Verizon Probably Looked North to Create Custom TV

The new Verizon Custom TV bundle, allowing FiOS customers to buy a simple, affordable 35-channel service, with the option to add on theme packs of channels for about $10 each, is a clear reaction to market demand for less-costly, more customized ways to buy entertainment video.

But the new Custom TV, similar in many ways to Sling TV and other over the top packages yet to come, most resembles a “pick and pay” model instituted in Canada.

Cable TV channel unbundling--though not complete unbundling--is coming to the Canadian market. By the end of 2016, subscription TV customers in Canada will be able to buy many channels they want, one by one or in small packages, the Canadian Radio-Television and Communications Commission has ruled.

By the end of 2016, TV subscribers will have the option to add those networks to a “skinny” basic cable package that will cost no more than $25 a month. But consumers can buy a traditional bundle of channels if they choose.

Distributors must have the “skinny” basic service announced Thursday in place by March, 2016.

That tier must include all local and regional stations, public interest channels such as the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN), education and community channels, plus provincial legislature networks.

If distributors wish, they can add national over-the-air stations such as CTV, City and Global, or U.S. networks ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX and PBS. But they cannot raise the price beyond $25 a month.

By December of 2016, other channels must be available a la carte. But those channels also can be sold in a small bundle of perhaps five or 10 channels, which might be built by the viewer or the distributor.

After TV White Spaces, Now Citizens Broadband Radio Service

The Federal Communications Commission has voted to approve a historic spectrum sharing plan in the 3.55 to 3.7 GHz band, creating at new 150-MHz block of spectrum available for shared use by licensed government users as well as commercial entities expected to include mobile service providers, Internet app and service providers.

The plan is the second major initiative undertaken by the Commission to support shared access to spectrum by commercial and government users.

The TV White Spaces initiative was the first to use spectrum sensing techniques to avoid interference between licensed users and occupants of TV White Spaces bands.

But the new Citizens Broadband Radio Service is the first ever to use a single block of spectrum to support multiple classes of users.

That is important for a number of reasons, not least of which is that it speeds the process of commercializing more Internet and mobile spectrum, at vastly lower cost than the older method of clearing existing users and relocating them elsewhere.

In creating the new “Citizens Broadband Radio Service,” the FCC will enable a new three-tiered commercial radio service that expands the amount of spectrum available for commercial Internet and mobile purposes, while saving the time and expense of relocating existing licensed users.

Under the plan, expected to provide a model for sharing in other spectrum bands, the licensed users will be protected from interference, and have priority use of the frequencies.

But two new categories of users will be created. The “General Authorized Access” tier will allow any user with a certified device to operate without seeking any further Commission approval, will permit low-cost entry into the band, similar to unlicensed uses such as Wi-Fi.

For service and app providers with greater requirements for quality of service, a “Priority Access” tier will offer geographically targeted, short-term priority rights to a portion of the band, available through future spectrum auctions.

One ormore spectrum access systems, operated by private commercial entities, will facilitate coexistence among the different user tiers. That is expected to be modeled on the use of access databases developed to support TV White Spaces.

Antitrust Lawyers Lean Towards Blocking Comcast Acquisition of Time Warner Cable

Staff attorneys at the Justice Department’s antitrust division are nearing a recommendation to block Comcast Corp.’s bid to buy Time Warner Cable Inc., according to Bloomberg. At least initially, many observers believed the deal would be approved, in large part because the relevant market was deemed to be “linear video.”

Comcast said it would divest enough video customers to keep the company’s share of the national market at or below the 30-percent threshold historically applied by antitrust authorities.

The problem, others pointed out, is that video increasingly is not the relevant market. That would be market share in the high speed access market, where a combined Comcast and Time Warner Cable would have about 40 percent share of the high speed access market, and an incomparably high share of faster speed connections, even before Comcast upgrades all U.S. locations to a gigabit.

If the Comcast acquisition were allowed, Comcast would have more than 57 percent market share of all U.S. high speed access connections operating at 25 Mbps or faster.

Looking only at homes able to buy gigabit high speed access, Comcast would, at more than 21 million locations, vastly outstrip all other gigabit providers put together. If one assumes that networks capable of a gigabit, supplied by all other competitors, could soon pass half a million U.S. homes, Comcast would represent 98 percent of all connections.

That is likely to be too great a degree of concentration for antitrust lawyers.

50th Anniversary of Moore's Law (Which Shockingly Applies to Internet Access Bandwidth)

April 19, 2015 is the 50th anniversary of the publication of an article by Gordon Moore about chip densities that later became what we call “Moore's Law.”

Roughly, the principle has been that chip densities double about every 18 months to 24 months. That has meant the cost of any fixed amount of computing or storage declines by roughly half over that same period of time.

Little noticed, by most aside from Reed Hastings, Netflix CEO, is that Internet access speeds follow a development curve nearly as robust as Moore’s Law does in the computing appliance and processor space.

In other words, access bandwidth nearly doubles about every 24 months.

Logic seemingly would suggest that is unlikely. Communications networks--especially those of the fixed variety--are expensive construction projects.

Such networks also are subject to local, state and national regulations, interest rates, economic conditions, changes in tax laws and changes in demand curves, all of which should slow rates of change, compared to rates of change for semiconductor products that follow Moore’s Law.

Shockingly, then, some studies have shown that even on twisted-pair copper telephone networks, speed doubled about every 1.9 years.

Other studies show similar results: some say an Edholm's Law shows that Internet access bandwidth does increase as Moore’s Law would predict.

That rate of increase of Internet access bandwidth is why some of us have been sure that consumer access bandwidths in the U.S. market, for example, would reach gigabit speeds, widely, by perhaps 2020.

That is a simple extrapolation of trends that have been in place for decades.

To reemphasize the point, between 1984 and 2013, fixed access network speeds have grown nearly as fast as Moore’s Law would suggest, as crazy as that sounds, knowing the physical nature of access networks, which are construction projects, not software apps.

Some might argue that mobile bandwidth will not scale as fast as fixed network bandwidth. Some of us believe that is wrong, and that mobile bandwidth has, an will, increase at the fixed network rates.

Consider that the coming fifth generation mobile network standard calls for 10 Gbps per end user. At that point, mobile networks will for the first time be functionally the equivalent of fixed networks, in terms of peak speed or average speed.

Still, the data is stubborn and clear: Internet access bandwidth has grown about 50 percent annually since 1984.

"No Business Model" Problem Migrates from Rural to Urban Areas

Among the fundamental problem for communications service providers and policymakers looking at services in rural areas is that there essentially “is no market.” That is to say, the number and density of potential customers is insufficient to drive revenue, while the higher cost of building plant means the hurdle rates for standard investment are lacking.

There is, simply, “no business model.” So, historically, communications services in rural areas are subsidized, both in terms of capital and operating costs.

We are seeing new versions of that issue, but relating to gigabit Internet access, even in downtown cores of smaller communities without a huge enterprise or mid-market firm presence.  

In many cases, even potential small fiber networks involving only 20 miles of plant are deemed uneconomic. In a growing number of cases, municipalities are looking for ways to subsidize such municipal networks on their own.

When no commercial suppliers (independent Internet service providers, competitive local exchange carriers and others) either cannot construct a viable business model, or can do so, but cannot secure capital to do so, municipal networks might be the best choice for fast action.

The emerging model seems to involve municipalities contributing assets (conduit, access, permitting) but not running the networks or providing taxpayer funding.

Cost control also appears to be among the potential success factors. If conventional business models do not work, and capital costs can only be reduced so much (by governments contributing conduit, for example), then operating costs must be tightly controlled.  

Verizon Communications Goes "Skinny" with Linear Video Bundle

Eventually, customers in competitive markets get what they want.

Though many would contest the characterization of the linear video business as “competitive,” it appears to be competitive enough to spur moves in the direction of giving people “what they want, when they want it.”

That is why over the top streaming services are proliferating. Another sign of the change is the move to create “skinny” bundles of linear channels that cost less, since consumers are signaling by their behavior that they consider the existing product too expensive, compared to the value they receive.

Verizon Communications, for example, has launched a new "Custom TV" bundle featuring high speed access and 36 basic (ad-supported) channels, with the option to buy genre-based channel packs, such as a sports bundle or kids channels.

Users can add extra packs for $10 each, or swap or unsubscribe any pack after 30 days. Verizon has seven channel packs in total.

Starting April 19, 2015, consumers will be able to sign up for a package of TV channels including broadcasters such as ABC and Fox, CNN, AMC, Food Network. They can then add on “channel packs” covering various genres such as sports, kids, pop culture and lifestyle.

FiOS’s cheapest plan will cost $55 a month and will include two channel packs. Each additional package, which can consist of about 10 to 17 channels, will cost $10 a month.

A package featuring the base package, two channel packs and 50 Mbps Internet access service costs $75 a month.

Though not a full move to a la carte pricing and buying of linear channels, the Verizon move is part of a trend that eventually will lead to new sets of choices that more closely resemble full choice, channel by channel or program by program.

WhatsApp Adding Video Communications, After Voice?

Facebook-owned WhatsApp, after having introduced voice communications, now seems set to add video communications.  That illustrates a pattern we now have become quite familiar with. A would-be disruptor enters a market, at the low end, and is dismissed as “a toy.”

The new app or service does not have anywhere near the features of the incumbent products, but the new product offers high enough value to solve a problem, generally at very low cost (free app, for example), or at least costs noticeably lower than the market level (cable TV voice, high speed access).

Over time, the new product adds more features. One day, the attacking product is feature by feature equivalent to the incumbent products. That pattern of disruptive innovation now clearly can be seen at WhatsApp, transitioning from an instant messaging product to a full communications platform.