Tuesday, January 16, 2024

All General Purpose Technologies (and AI if it is a GPT) Will Generate Overinvestment

Without suggesting artificial intelligence is presently, or necessarily will become, an “investment bubble” where capital is overallocated, it is at least worthwhile to remember than investment manias have happened before, as it the internet or “dot.com” bubble between 1995 and 2000. 


It also is worthwhile remembering that, early on, ultimate winners are hard to identify, as many of those winners are not yet founded at the beginning of a period of exuberance. If we look at 1995 as the beginning of the internet investment boom, only a few firms, including Apple, Microsoft and Amazon, had been founded prior to 1995. 


Company Name

Founding Date

Amazon

July 5, 1994

Google

September 4, 1998

Facebook (Meta)

February 4, 2004

Netflix

August 29, 1997

Apple

April 1, 1976

Microsoft

April 4, 1975

Twitter

March 21, 2006

YouTube

February 14, 2005

Spotify

October 23, 2008

Airbnb

August 11, 2008

Uber

March 21, 2009

Tesla Motors

July 1, 2003

SpaceX

June 6, 2002

TikTok (Douyin)

September 9, 2016

WeChat (Tencent)

January 27, 2011

Alibaba

September 4, 1999

Tencent

November 13, 1998


But that is only a list of “winners.” There were many “losers” as well. One of the firms on the following list still exists, even if it entered and exited bankruptcy at least once, with a major business pivot along the way. 


For example, the technology-heavy NASDAQ composite index plummeted from its peak of 5,048.62 in March 2000 to around 1,139.90 in October 2002, representing a loss of over 77 percent. Hundreds of venture-funded and privately-financed firms went bankrupt. 


source: Global Entrepreneurship Institute 


Company Name

Investment Raised (USD Millions)

Peak Valuation (USD Billions)

Pets.com: Online pet store selling food and accessories

$82.5

3.2

Webvan: Online grocery delivery service

$1.2 billion

7.9

Boo.com: Online fashion retailer

$147

475

eToys: Online toy retailer

$650

8.5

Petsmart.com: Online competitor to Pets.com

$400

5.8

FreeMarkets: Online business-to-business auction marketplace

$250

7.9

WorldCom: Telecommunications company engaged in accounting fraud

$11 billion

450

Global Crossing: Telecommunications company that filed for bankruptcy

$12 billion

50

Exodus Communications: Web hosting provider acquired by Verio

$485

64

GeoCities: Free web hosting service acquired by Yahoo!

$324

6.6


The point is that ultimate winners from AI are going to be hard to identify in the early going, as many of the ultimate winners are not yet founded or clearly on a path to success.


Nor should we discount the ability of leaders in a prior era (Microsoft and Apple) to make strategic pivots that allow them to thrive in the next era. 


Finally, overinvestment seems always to be a risk when GPTs are born. 

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